Ethics Awareness Inventory Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics Awareness Inventory Analysis - Essay Example Therefore, acting according to ones instincts is necessary and ethical (Lennick, D., & Kiel, F. 2005). I also believe inspiring individuals to improve their lives and grow is important compared to increasing business profits; through inhumane business practices like reshaping or traditional downsizing. Generally, I work with business ideas and policies which ensure equal opportunities and equal respect for all the employees in the family business. The knowledge I acquired during my study guide my thinking that business decisions are ethical only if they support the free choice of people, respect employee rights and supports creativity. In reference to obligation assessment, all businesses should comply with internationally proclaimed human rights. Besides, a sustainable business should not be complicit in the abuse of employee rights. In addition, the business is expected to maintain a good forward and backward linkages in the supply chain. These enhances the productivity of workers and result to profits (Lennick, D., & Kiel, F. 2005). However, my ethical viewpoint is not without any challenges especially when addressing ethical dilemmas in both personal settings and business. In most instances what I think is the appropriate approach is not applicable in the short-term choice. Hence, sustainability and conflict resolution at work place require a holistic approach to management of employee and employer relationships. Good business ethical practices embedded in business policies increase business

Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Carcinoma of the Larynx

Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Carcinoma of the Larynx Association between helicobacter pylori infection and carcinoma of the larynx or pharynx JIAN ZHOU, DUO ZHANG, YUE YANG, LIANG ZHOU LEI TAO   Abstract: Background: Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) plays a role in the development of gastric carcinoma. However, there is controversy as to whether H. pylori infection increases laryngeal or pharyngeal cancers. Methods: We managed a systematic review of researches related to H. pylori infection in laryngeal or pharyngeal carcinomas, distributed up to December 2014. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were assessed by random effects models or  according to heterogeneity I2. Results: Eleven studies were involved in the meta-analysis. Overall, H. pylori infection was significantly higher in the study group compared with the normal control group (OR = 2.87; 95% CI = 1.71-4.84, I2 = 67.1, P 2 = 58, P Conclusion: This study supported the proposition that Infection with H. pylori was related to laryngeal carcinoma, specifically in the hospital-based control group and diagnosed by PCR or ELISA. Nevertheless, no significant relationship was discovered between H. pylori infection and pharyngeal cancer. Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, laryngeal cancer, pharynx cancer Introduction: Laryngeal carcinoma is one of the common malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract. It accounts for 25% of all the carcinomas of the head and neck and 2-3% of the carcinomas of the entire body [1]. Tobacco smoking and alcohol consuming are major risk factors for laryngeal and pharyngeal cancer. The other risk factors for instance, microbes, viruses, occupational exposures, gastroesophageal reflux, and genetic inheritance have also been associated with the malignancy [2]. It has been verified that H. pylori has an important effect on the pathogenesis of duodenal and gastric ulcers, chronic gastritis, gastric lymphoma, and adenocarcinoma [3]. H. pylori immigration in the upper aerodigestive zone was proved by a previous study [4].There are some articles studying the association between H. pylori and laryngeal malignancy, the outcomes of which are still conflicting [5–11]. The purpose of this meta-analysis study is to determine whether H. pylori infection is related to cancers of the larynx and pharynx by summarizing proof from published studies. Material and methods Literature search We made a systematic literature search in Web of Knowledge, PubMed, and Embase for articles published up to December, 2014 by means of related keywords and combinations thereof: for instance, ‘laryngeal cancer,’ ‘larynx carcinoma,’ ‘pharyngeal cancer,’ ‘pharynx carcinoma,’ and ‘helicobacter pylori’. We followed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) strategies. Inclusion and exclusion standards Inclusion standards were the following: (1) diagnoses of laryngeal or pharyngeal cancer, and sources of cases and controls, (2) clear evaluation of the relationship of malignances of the pharynx or larynx with H. pylori infection, (3) satisfactory data for pharyngeal or laryngeal carcinoma cases as well as controls, (4) unequivocal information on the H. pylori detection method used, (5) most updated and latest version of published articles. Exclusion standards were the following: (1) case reports, review articles, and studies not in English, and involving patients with benign sickness, (2) uncontrolled studies, (3) cohort studies, (4) animal studies, (5) and manifold articles providing outcomes from the same study. Data extraction The subsequent data were collected from every qualified article: first author’s surname, publication year, city and country of source, amount and type of controls, means of identification of H. pylori, and cases related to smoking or drinking, correspondingly. All studies were studied independently by two authors, and based on consensus. Statistical analysis Meta-analysis was managed using the random fixed effect model to pool individual study evaluations into an overall summary estimate of the associations between H. pylori infection and laryngeal cancer (or pharyngeal cancer). The results were given by 95% confidence interval (CI) and odds ratio (OR). The significance of the OR was decided by the Z test and p 2 was used to evaluate the heterogeneity between studies. Subsequently, stratified analyses were carried out with regarding to the features of the study (type of carcinoma, sources of controls, methods of diagnosis of H. pylori, and sample sizes). We assessed publication bias with Begg’s funnel plot. The random effects model introduces additional variation across diverse studies. We used the Stata 12.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA) to complete wholly statistical analyses. Results Study characteristics As displayed in Figure1, we identified 177 studies by database searches, with 57 containing overlapping details. After subsequent initial screening of the abstracts, 22 entitled articles were selected. Among these 22 studies, two articles were removed owing to absence of controls, and eight were short of necessary statistics. Lastly, 11 articles were involved in this study. Designated characteristics of cases and controls are displayed in Table I. All articles were retrospective in scope. The carcinoma cases were primarily confirmed histologically. Seven researches addressed laryngeal carcinoma alone, and four researches addressed laryngeal cancer or pharyngeal cancer. Hospital-based controls were involved in seven researches, population-based controls were used in two researches and clinic-based controls were included in two researches. The technique of identification of H. pylori varies with authors. Meta-analysis Generally, comparison of H. pylori infection for laryngeal cancer against a local control was statistically significant and favoured laryngeal cancer (OR = 2.87; 95% CI = 1.71-4.84, I2 = 67.1, random effects mode). Table II showed the separate risk assessments of researches assessed in meta-analysis. Selected researches supplied full data on H. pylori infection, by carcinomas, sources of controls, H. pylori diagnosis, and sample magnitude. The results of analyses stratified with these aspects were presented in Table II. Once stratifying for carcinomas, the pooled ORs for laryngeal cancer were 3.28 (95% CI =1.91-5.63; I2 = 58, random effects model) and 1.35 (95% CI = 0.86-2.12; I2 = 0, random effects model) for pharyngeal carcinoma. In the subcategory analysis founded on the basis of controls, significant relations were detected in the hospital-based researches (OR = 3.31; 95% CI =1.49-7.35; I2 =68.2, random effects model) and in the clinic-based researches (OR =2.60; 95% CI = 1.00-6. 76; I2 = 62.1, random effects model), but not in the population-based researches (OR = 2.05; 95% CI = 0.70-5.91, random effects models). Significant relations were also detected in the different ways of identifying of H. pylori infection and sample magnitude. In both overall and subcategory analyses, I2 values were 50% or greater and related p values were Sensitivity analysis and publication bias No publication bias was evident (Figure 2) in meta-analyses of the association between H. pylori and risk of laryngeal or pharyngeal carcinoma, this was established on the basis of Begg’s rank correlation test and Egger’s regression test (Begg’s test, p = 0.876; Egger’s test, p = 0.615). We researched the influence of a single study on the whole meta-analysis assessment. Figure 3 shows the outcomes of this study, in which the meta-analysis estimates were computed omitting one study at a time. The results show that the corresponding pooled ORs were not essentially changed, demonstrating that our results were statistically forceful. Discussion The impact of H. pylori in the pathogenesis of chronic illnesses and cancer of the digestive regions is well acknowledged [20, 21]. H. pylori infection has a prevalence of up to 90% in underdeveloped countries and around 30% in developed countries [22]. The potential for damaging epithelial and mucosal obstacles and inflammation could lead to chronic harm and epithelial cell proliferation resulting in larynx pathology [23, 24]. The possible relationship between H. pylori infection and carcinomas of the larynx or pharynx has been an source of argument for decades. Numerous studies have been performed to demonstrate this cause-and-effect association. This study combined formerly published data related to the association between H. pylori infection and cancers of the larynx(or pharynx) into a terse assessment of influence. The risk of developing laryngeal cancer is 2.87 times higher for the people infected with H. pylori, than for the control group (95% CI:1.71-4.84, P A previous (2008) meta-analysis of five studies showed that the risk of developing laryngeal carcinoma is two times higher for the people infected with H. pylori, than for those in the control group [23], providing an indication that H. pylori infection may be related to an increased risk of laryngeal(or pharynx) carcinoma. Our research studied and analysed the outcomes of 11 researches. Once the study was stratified by category of carcinoma, there is a higher rate of laryngeal cancer among patients infected with H. pylori than among the general population (OR =3.28, 95% CI = 1.91-5.63). No significant relationship was discovered in pharyngeal cancer, signifying that patients are perhaps more susceptible to laryngeal than pharyngeal neoplasm, or that the small number of pharyngeal cancer patients in this study resulted in such a result. Hospital-based researches (OR = 3.31, 95% CI = 1.49-7.35) reported a higher frequency of H. pylori infection than clinic-based researches (OR =2.60, 95% CI =1.00-6.76). No significant relationship was discovered in population-based controls (OR = 2.05, 95% CI =0.70-5.91, Table II). In the subcategory investigation by sample magnitude, the deviation of the pooled OR in large sample sizes (number of controls and cases≠¥50) was smaller compared to small-sized sets, signifying that a large sample size with adequate power was an essen tial to the strategy of meta-analysis. After the study was stratified by H. pylori diagnosis, we found that the best method for detection of H. pylori in the larynx (or pharynx) tissue is PCR with high specificity and sensitivity (OR=7.03, 95% CI = 4.19-11.79). This finding is similar to the research of Gong [16]. A well-controlled large-scale prospective study is important to completely realize the fundamental relationship between carcinomas of the larynx (or pharynx) and H. pylori infection. Finally, a number of important limitations need to be considered. Firstly, researches involved in this meta-analysis were published in English only, signifying that a possible language bias existed. Secondly, evident heterogeneity was detected in involved researches. Thirdly, the influence of smoking and alcohol consumption on H. pylori and laryngeal carcinoma was not removed from our study. Nevertheless, it is uncertain whether the H. pylori infection was causal or related to the tobacco and alcohol consumption among most malignancy patients. Fourthly, wholly studies were case-control researches, which are responsive to recall and information and selection bias, and this may influence the outcomes of the present research. Conclusion This meta-analysis favours the suggestion that H. pylori infection is related to laryngeal carcinoma, specifically in hospital-based control researches and when diagnosed by PCR and ELISA. Nevertheless, no significant relationship was found between H. pylori infection and pharyngeal cancer. Furthermore, the small number of studies involved in this study led to a large CI in this assessment. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 30801283), the Technology Project of Shanghai (grant nos 09QA1401000, 10QA1405900 and 14411961900), Shanghai’s Health System of Talents Training Plan (grant nos XYQ2011055 and XYQ2011015). Declaration of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper. References [1] Koufman J A, Burke A J. The etiology and pathogenesis of laryngeal carcinoma[J]. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America, 1997, 30(1): 1-19. [2] Tutar H, Erdamar H, Kà ¶ybaÃ…Å ¸ioÄÅ ¸lu A, et al. Can bile acids be an etiological factor for laryngeal carcinoma?[J]. ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties, 2010, 73(3): 156-161. [3] Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, OMorain C A, et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection—the Maastricht IV/Florence consensus report[J]. Gut, 2012, 61(5): 646-664. [4] Yokoyama A, Yokoyama T, Omori T, et al. Helicobacter pylori, chronic atrophic gastritis, inactive aldehyde dehydrogenaseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 2, macrocytosis and multiple upper aerodigestive tract cancers and the risk for gastric cancer in alcoholic Japanese men[J]. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 2007, 22(2): 210-217. [5] Akbayir N, BaÃ…Å ¸ak T, Seven H, et al. Investigation of Helicobacter pylori colonization in laryngeal neoplasia[J]. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head Neck, 2005, 262(3): 170-172. [6] Aygenc E, Selcuk A, Celikkanat S, et al. The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the cause of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx[J]. OtolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery, 2001, 125(5): 520-521. [7] Borkowski G, Sudhoff H, Koslowski F, et al. A possible role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the etiology of chronic laryngitis[J]. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology, 1997, 254(9-10): 481-482. [8] Grandis J R, Perezà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Perez G I, Yu V L, et al. Lack of serologic evidence for Helicobacter pylori infection in head and neck cancer[J]. Head neck, 1997, 19(3): 216-218. [9] Aydind A K L S A, Kalcioglua M T, Aydinb O O N E. Histopathologic examination for Helicobacter pylori as a possible etiopathogenic factor in laryngeal carcinoma[J]. Chemotherapy, 2006, 52: 80-82. [10] Rubin J S, Benjamin E, Prior A, et al. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in malignant and premalignant conditions of the head and neck[J]. The Journal of Laryngology Otology, 2003, 117(02): 118-121. [11] Titiz A, Ozcakir O, Ceyhan S, et al. The presence of Helicobacter pylori in the larynx pathologies[J]. Auris Nasus Larynx, 2008, 35(4): 534-538. [12]Guilemany J M, Langdon C, Ballesteros F, et al. Prognostic significance and association of Helicobacter pylori infection in pharyngolaryngeal cancer[J]. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 2014, 271(9): 2539-2543. [13]Fellmann J, Weisert J U, Soltermann A, et al. Helicobacter pylori detected in pharyngeal and laryngeal pathologies in patients with proven gastric colonization[J]. Head neck, 2014, 36(11): 1562-1566. [14]Genà § R, ÇaÄÅ ¸lÄ ± S, Yà ¼ce Ä °, et al. The Role of H. pylori in the Development of Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma[J]. Disease markers, 2013, 35(5): 447-449. [15] Siupsinskiene N, Jurgutaviciute V, Katutiene I, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in laryngeal diseases[J]. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 2013, 270(8): 2283-2288. [16] Gong H, Shi Y, Zhou L, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection of the larynx may be an emerging risk factor for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Clinical and Translational Oncology, 2012, 14(12): 905-910. [17] Shi Y, Gong H, Zhou L, et al. Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in a Chinese male population[J]. ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties, 2010, 73(6): 295-300. [18] Pirzadeh A, Doustmohammadian N, Khoshbaten M, et al. Is there any association between Helicobacter Pylori infection and laryngeal carcinoma[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2011, 12(4): 897-900. [19] Nurgalieva Z Z, Graham D Y, Dahlstrom K R, et al. A pilot study of Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of laryngopharyngeal cancer[J]. Head neck, 2005, 27(1): 22-27. [20] Selbach M, Moese S, Backert S, et al. The Helicobacter pylori CagA protein induces tyrosine dephosphorylation of ezrin[J]. Proteomics, 2004, 4(10): 2961-2968. [21] Hou P, Tu Z X, Xu G M, et al. Helicobacter pylori vacA genotypes and cagA status and their relationship to associated diseases[J]. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2000, 6(4): 605-607. [22] Harrisons principles of internal medicine [M]. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2008. [23] Zhuo X L, Wang Y, Zhuo W L, et al. Possible association of Helicobacter pylori infection with laryngeal cancer risk: an evidence-based meta-analysis[J]. Archives of medical research, 2008, 39(6): 625-628. [24] Ozyurt M, Gungor A, Ergunay K, et al. Real-time PCR detection of Helicobacter pylori and virulence-associated cagA in nasal polyps and laryngeal disorders[J]. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2009, 141(1): 131-135.

Margin Call Directed by J.C. Chandor Essays -- film analysis

Margin Call (2011) Margin Call is a 2011 film that seeks to give viewers a deeper perspective of the financial crisis that hit the United States in 2008. The film was written and directed by J.C. Chandor. It s depiction of the happenings on Wall Street has been described as the closest to the actual happenings during the financial crisis. In this film, the main characters are faced with a moral challenge and they act according to their personal world views. Personal financial needs are put before the clients needs. The questionable manner in which the characters act put the employees on Wall Street on a cross road. It is a difficult balancing act between protecting oneself and protecting others. The decisions made by characters in this film create an opportunity for people to discuss the balancing act between self preservation and killing the dreams of the masses. From the beginning, the film is filled with controversial decisions. First, the firm that is depicted in this film decides to lay off most of the employees in the firm leaving only 20% of the workers. However, the firm’s managers do not lay off the workers personally but hire another firm to do this. Without prior warning, the mass layoff takes place in a rather insensitive manner with employees expected to leave immediately. First, the decision by the company to lay off the people without warning is a questionable decision. Though they are offered a severance package, the employees are traumatized by the lay off. Having reported to work just like a normal day, none of the employees expect that they are going to lose their jobs on this particular day. Therefore, it is a surprise when the hired human resource team comes in and explains to the employees that they no long... ...ce of money at whatever costs. At the end of the day, the managers watch as more people are laid off as the crisis continues. In conclusion, I disagree with the decisions made by the main characters in this film. Their predicament is tough to say the least, but it does not warrant the decisions they make. They choose to follow a route with the full knowledge of the problems it will cause to other people. The decisions made are motivated purely by money and the need to self preserve and protect. The drive behind the sale of worthless assets is for the company to remain afloat even when clients suffer losses. It is dangerous to make decisions driven by money and selfishness. It leads to guilt as it causes endless pain to other people. Therefore, these characters could have chosen the alternative option of protecting their clients as opposed to protecting themselves.

Term Paper, Rizal

TO THE YOUNG WOMEN OF MALOLOS AN ESSAY BY DR. JOSE P. RIZAL (TERM PAPER) PATRICK JAMES D. CLEMENTE MC21 A woman, what is a woman? Woman plays a very important role in our society. They are the light of the family, the one who is responsible for the acts of their children, the first teacher of each and every child. But what do you think will happen to a country if almost every woman is acting like a slave? Being manipulated? Believes in fake sancity and no power by themselves?If that is the case, then what would they be? They would be a big failure. Once in the history of the Phillipines, there is a man who opened the eyes of each and every women.. it was doctor Rizal. He did it by the way of sending a message to our country women†¦.. Jose Rizal’s legacy to Filipino women is embodied in his famous essay entitled, â€Å"To the Young Women of Malolos,† where he addresses all kinds of women – mothers, wives, the unmarried, etc. and expresses everything that he w ishes them to keep in mind. To the Young Women of Malolos† was written by Rizal when he was in London, in response to the request of Marcelo H. del Pilar. The essay was originally written in Tagalog then later on translated to English. The essay contains inspirational messages for the women of our country. It also points out, almost everything about the issue of mistreating the women in our country. Rizal wrote the essay to open up the eyes of our country women. That essay has been a big breakthrough for the women in the Phillipines.It served as their stepping stones in obtaining their goals. It helped them see what they are missing, thir flaws and almost everything. Like for example is why do they believe on everything the friars have told them. Rizal wrote the essay very smooth and enough for the women of our country to see what is really happening and what should be done. On the essay To the Young Country Women of Malolos, Rizal dug out a lot of issues about our country, an d what is happening to the women in out country.A lot of issues were discussed and some of it was– The rejection of the spiritual authority of the friars – not all of the priests in the country that time embodied the true spirit of Christ and His Church. Most of them were corrupted by worldly desires and used worldly methods to effect change and force discipline among the people, especially to the mothers. A lot of mothers had been completely manipulated by the friars, if the mothers were manipulated it also means that their children will also be affected. Another thing that Rizal pointed out

Indian television in the era of globalization Essay

Since its birth in 1959, it seems that Indian television has developed in a way that is similar to most of the world’s broadcasting sectors. Conquered by technological progress, particularly by the major advance that the introduction of satellite transmissions represents, the Indian television sector broke with its old practices to enter the era of globalization to which the opening to foreign players, the competition regime and the respect of commercial requirements are essential components. The successive evolutions that Indian television underwent seem to confirm Marshall McLuhan’s theory of a â€Å"global village†, which describes how the world has been contracted into a homogenized space by the media revolution. However, this simplistic vision denies the specificities of India as a culture and as a country, which became the specificities of Indian television. With 22 official languages, an enormous and heterogeneous population, one of the world’s largest territories and a tendency to continuously swing between tradition and modernity, India admittedly adapted its television sector to the globalized context but also imposed its restrictions and particularities. How did Indian television become integrated to the globalized media system while protecting its identity and imposing its requirements? With the successive evolutions – the technological progresses, the shift from an educational project to a competitive, consumer-oriented and profit-making market and the exportation of foreign programs and production methods – it underwent in the early 20th century, Indian television indeed got integrated into the globalized and transnational media system. As such it became a privileged target of know-how transfers coming from the West and a market of economic interest for foreign players. Heterogeneity constitutes India’s major specificity and its television sector could not have got established regardless to it. Even if it decided to enter the process of globalization, Indian television endeavored to defend and promote the country’s linguistic, territorial, social and cultural diversity. The Indian broadcasting space definitely does not get homogenized. On the contrary, it constantly reports the main oppositions that ceaselessly stimulate and drive the Indian population – tradition and modernity, local and global, urban and rural, well-off and impoverished. The example of the Indian television sector demonstrates that India is not passively affected by globalization but constitutes one of its major actors: it manages to make the country’s voice heard and to impose its requirements and its power of cultural appropriation at international level. BIBLIOGRAPHY DEPREZ C., La tà ©là ©vision indienne : un modà ¨le d’appropriation culturelle, De Boeck, 2006. DESAI M. K.,  « Indian television in the era of globalisation : unity, diversity or disparity ?  », in Quaderns del CAC, 202, no. 14 3-12. DURAND-DASTES F.,  « L’Inde dans la mondialisation  » in LEFORT I. and MORINIAUX V. (dir.), La mondialisation, Editions du temps, 2006, 235-256. JULURI V.,  « Music television and the invention of youth culture in India  », in Sage Journals, 2002, vol. 3 no. 4 367-386. KUMAR S., Gandhi meets primetime : globalization and nationalism in Indian television, University of Illinois Press, 2005. RANGANATHAN M., RODRIGUES U. M., Indian media in a globalised world, Sage publications, 2010. SINCLAIR J., HARRISON M.,  « Globalization, nation and television in Asia : the cases of India and China  », in Sage Journals, 2004, vol. 5 no. 1 41-54.

Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts

Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Free Online Research Papers Organizational behavior is a complex relationship between individuals, groups, the organizational systems and structures. It is a study of how such relationships and systems impacts on the behavior of individuals within an organization. Managers in the organization try to understand the organizational behavior so as to understand how such could impact on the organizational performance. Organizational behavior is therefore narrow in nature since it attempts to use the knowledge of the individuals’ behavior within the organization with an objective of improving the organizational performance and effectiveness (Gareth Morgan, 1999). According to Gareth Morgan (1999), organizational behavior is the shared values and beliefs among individuals in an organization that affects on the way they interact, performs various organizational task and reacts to the organizational environment. It is the organizational behavior that offers the distinctive characteristic between organizations. According to Gareth Morgan (1999) organizational behavior is the study of the relationships and interactions between individuals groups and various systems in an organization and the utilization of such knowledge to improve the organizational performance for instance through employees’ satisfaction and motivation. Organizational Culture Organizational culture is fundamentally the character of the organization. It is the assumptions, values, customs, norms and the tangible symbolic characteristics of an organization and which greatly determines the behavior and actions of the organizational members. Organizational culture varies from one organization to another. Although it may not be documented, the organizational culture is characteristically displayed in all aspects of the organization (Denison, 2004). For instance; it is possible to know the culture of an organization by merely looking at the company logo. It dictates the way individuals goes about their day to day activities in the organizations i.e. the customs and patterns of operations within an organization are entrenched in the organization culture. The culture of one firm is distinct from that of another. For instance, the culture of a large profit making establishment is different to that of a hospital. Similarly, the culture of a hotel is distinct to that of a university. Just like one can identify the personality of an individual by looking at the physical and behavioral characteristics, the organizational culture can be recognized by looking at the arrangements of the physical amenities, the points of organizational pride, the dressing styles, organization of the meetings, time keeping of members, extra organizational events among others Diversity Organization diversity is the term used to refer to the wide range of characteristic and aspects of an organization and that is entrenched in the differences in behavior among the various individuals that constitutes its membership. The organization is a complex system of interaction among members with varying personality, behavior and background as well as physical traits. Diversity in the organization is inevitable as it is impossible to attain uniformity in all aspects of the organization (Gareth Morgan, 1999). Organizational behavior is shaped by the ability of the managers to manage the organizational diversity and direct all the differences to conform to the organizational behavior and culture. Organizational diversity is embedded in the racial, gender, and sexual differences among individuals at workplace. Since the diversity is natural and inevitable, the management is involved in uniting this diversity and directs all its components towards the achievement of a common organizational purpose. Organizational behavior and culture is therefore as a result of this unification. Communication Communication is a complex process via which individuals share their ideas, values and opinions within well established organizational systems. It involves an establishment of a two way system through which information is shared between two parties mainly the sender (encoder) and the recipient (decoder). Just like in any other communication set-up, communication in the organization is carried out using various modes. Business communication therefore involves managers coming up with messages, transmitting them to the employees and other stakeholders as well as the society immediate to the organization and also obtaining feedback from the recipients. Communication cannot be complete until the communicator is able to efficiently get feedback from the recipient. On the same note, effective communication is the ability of the process to get the intended message as accurately as possible to the audience or recipients and channeling back feedback to the sender of the message. Organizational Effectiveness and Efficiency Organizational Efficiency this refers to the ease through which an organization or its management is able to mobilize its resources to meet the established mission, objectives and goals. Effectiveness is a depiction of how well the organization is able to optimally allocate its resources, strategies and policy to accomplish the organizational objectives (Gareth, 1999). For instance, the organization can be said to be efficient if it achieves cost minimization and maximum returns (revenues). Organizational Effectiveness this is the ability of the available organizational resources and strategies to achieve the company’s mission; vision specific objectives and company’s goals (Gareth, 1999). If such cannot meet such objectives then they can be said to be ineffective. For instance effective marketing strategies are those which are able to maximize the company’s market share. Organization Learning Organizational learning is a process by which knowledge (either formal or informal) is passed over from one individual to another within an organizational setup. It is a gradual process that involves close and continuous social; interactions among organizations. Learning is an adaptive process and takes time for individuals to synthesize what they learn as explained in the appellant conditioning theory or the activity theory. It is important for the organization as well as individuals to learn so as to efficiently and effectively adapt to the changes of the business environment and adopt suitable organizational behavior. The organizational culture is also a learnt phenomenon (Argyris Schon, 2008). References Argyris, C. D. Schon (2008), Organizational Learning: A theory of action perspective, Addison-Wesley, retrieved from amazon.com/organizational-learning-adoson wisely-organizational-development.html on May 27, 2009 Denison, D. (2004). Corporate culture and organization effectiveness New York: Wileycims.ncsu.edu/downloads/Research/71_WDWK_culture.pdf– retrieved on May 27, 2009 Gareth Morgan, (1999), Organizational Theory and Behavior Inc Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 17 Pg 12-17 Research Papers on Organizational Behavior Terminology and ConceptsThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andResearch Process Part OneStandardized TestingAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement

Albatross and Rimm of the Ancient Mariner

Albatross and Rimm of the Ancient Mariner Free Online Research Papers One act changes a mans life forever. What is it about an albatross that is so powerful it could affect the lives of people? It’s only a bird, a large bird, an aquatic bird with coloring of white and dark brown or black. In the poem â€Å"Rimm of the Ancient Mariner†, life changes for over 200 men with the single act of a man with his bow. Only if you believe there is a link between nature and the spiritual world would you be affected. But what is it about the life of a bird, an albatross that could change lives. Sailors for centuries have considered the albatross an omen of good luck or in some cases a curse. In the poem â€Å"Rimm of the Ancient Mariner† the crew learns that life can change quickly both for the good or bad. When their ship is frozen in the ice and an albatross appears, the ship is freed and released and once again the sails are filled with the wind. The albatross has acted as a giver of life, something that goes deeper than just the flesh. This new freedom is almost like salvation, not only have they experienced the physical freedom but also their spirits have been released from certain doom. As the sailors feed and play with the bird there seems to be more than just a physical connection. A kindred spirit has formed, a trust in each other. Then for some unknown reason one of the sailors decides to kill the albatross. With this action comes retribution from an unforeseen source. With the killing of the bird the spiritual world has been awakened. Both good and bad will exert their influence upon the ship. The curse of death has been passed upon them and upon that single sailor he will suffer the worst death of all. He would live but wish that he could die. They witness death coming in the form of a skeletal ship with a crew of two, Death and Life-in-Death. The souls are required of each man that condoned the killing, except the one who did the actual act. â€Å"Life-in-death† will require that sailor’s soul to be tormented inside him until the retribution has been paid, if ever. With the price paid the heavenly spirits guide the ship back to its home port, where the tormented sailor will start his journey of life-in-death. Because we live in the natural world and cannot see the spiritual one does not mean that it does not exist. I have had feelings at one time or another that certain things were not right to do, and it was more than conscience that was talking to me. I am also sure that many have experienced or heard about someone dying and talking about the angels that they see. The sailors on this ship saw death and the price that each had to pay. All this because they refused to honor the natural world and all it had to offer. So an albatross may have more power than we think. Just as much power in death as in life. Research Papers on Albatross and Rimm of the Ancient MarinerHenderson the Rain KingDeontological Teleological TheoriesGenetic EngineeringThe Fifth HorsemanExempt vs Non-Exempt EmployeesThe Story of Beatrix PotterDistance Learning Survival GuideThe Rise and Fall of Napoleon BonaparteAmerican Central Banking and OilThe Equal Rights Amendment

Words Ending in -ance and -ence

Words Ending in -ance and -ence Words Ending in -ance and -ence Words Ending in -ance and -ence By Maeve Maddox A reader asked if there were some easy-to-remember spelling tip for dealing with words ending in -ence and -ance. Both endings derive from Latin nouns. Words from Latin nouns ending in -entia affluence from affluentia, â€Å"abundance† audience from audientia, â€Å"a hearing† benevolence from benevolentia, â€Å"good will† continence from continentia, â€Å"self-control† diligence from diligentia, â€Å"accuracy† Words from Latin nouns ending in -antia elegance from elegantia, â€Å"neatness† petulance from petulantia, â€Å"forward conduct† significance from significantia, â€Å"an indication, a sign† vigilance from vigilantia, â€Å"watchfulness† tolerance from tolerantia, â€Å"enduring† Here are some of the most common English words with these endings. The only way to spell them correctlyapart from using a spell checkeris to memorize them. Words ending in -ence: absence affluence audience coherence conference confidence conscience consequence consistence correspondence dependence diligence evidence existence influence obedience occurrence patience persistence preference reference Words ending in -ance: acquaintance allowance ambulance annoyance appearance appliance arrogance disturbance dominance extravagance grievance guidance ignorance instance nuisance relevance remittance resistance significance substance tolerance Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should Know20 Pairs of One-Word and Two-Word FormsDrama vs. Melodrama

Nursing shortage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing shortage - Research Paper Example The nurse also helps a patient in the carrying out of the therapeutic activities instructed by the physician. The nurse works as a part of a team with others. Together they help in running the program for recovery and improvement to health. They as support those who are dying to appreciate the transition and attain peace of mind. These roles bring out the crucial aspects in nursing. Further, they show the relationship that exists between a nurse and a patient (Feldman, 2011). The nurse and the system of nursing exist within regulated structures. This is essential because of the support that has in terms of resource allocation and credibility. Nursing operates within the health care system, which is changing rapidly. Thus, the stability of nursing depends on proper organization delivering of care, regulated practice for quality assurance and adequate preparation of the nursing profession. This outline is to give a peek into the gap left when we suffer a shortage in the nursing profession (Rosseter, 2012). In May, the year 2011, the recruitment agencies and employers posted over 121,000 ads for nursing positions (Stiger et al, 2009). This was a 46% increase in the demand of the nurse from the previous year 2010. In March, this year (2012), Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that 20% of the total job vacancies were from the healthcare institutions. This clearly shows the trend that employment vacancies are taking. The need for more professional registered nurse is rising every day (Feldman, 2011). In addition, annual rate of turnover of registered nurses is at 14% as per the report by KPMG survey 2012. Professional nursing as an occupation shows the highest tendency of growth. Projects show that the number of employed nurse will increase from 2.8 million to 3.5 million by the year 2020. This growth will partly be contributed by the retirement of about 0.5 million nurses. The shortage of nurses is going to persist in unless we find a lasting

You will choose a current event topic from the last 20 or so years and Essay

You will choose a current event topic from the last 20 or so years and explain how this current event links back to the Industrial Revolution - Essay Example This often affects society negatively as the importance and sacredness of communication is undermined. Society has changed from a proactive population of outdoor people to more reserved technology conscious individuals. This problem is compounding the more human beings evolve, and it seems to be a long-term issue (Palfrey and Urs 52). The problem is linked to the Industrial Revolution as one sees large groups of laborers fill the industries to make these products on a large scale, similar to the Industrial Revolution (Brownsword 58). This issue seems to be compounding and is one, which will complex as the demand for technological gadgets is on the increase. There is a similarity between both revolutions. The industrial revolution included a change from traditional methods to use of machinery while the Digital Revolution has seen the mass production of new advanced equipment aiming at changing and improving

Paul Laurence Dunbar's novel The Sport of the Gods Essay

Paul Laurence Dunbar's novel The Sport of the Gods - Essay Example Yet as Fannie fears, " there could not be so many people without a deal of wickedness." (49). This paper will analyze each family member's slow degradation, by means provided by the city, evils which are commonplace to metro regions, but natives grow defense against while newcomers quickly become ensnared. Joe proves to be the most easily susceptible to the new found charms of the city. In his hometown, before the scandal, his position as a barber to white men had caused him to become haughty in demeanor. Humbled first in his hometown, the exposure to metropolitan ways again continue his consternation. He is envious of the well dressed young men of leisure he sees everywhere, and uses Mr. Thomas to gain access to them but only after Joe has become employed and has money to spend. Joe soon finds himself with the mistaken illusion of satisfaction: he has friends (for whom he buys much alcohol) and has become involved with a starlet, Ms. Hattie Sterling (who likewise drinks heavily). Through the attainment of these dreams, Joe achieves a level of social acceptance and a semi-long term relationship. He also becomes an alcoholic, which causes him to lavish all of his funds on acquaintances and none on his family, simultaneously going to work less and less. When he confesses to Sadness his father's (wrongful) imprisonment, Sadness rattles off various people's histories. Sadness is trying to help Joe by first revealing how much worse off others have it, but also trying to insinuate that Joe needs to depend less on others. When Joe claims that Sadness' words have helped, Sadness angrily declares "You lie. I haven't; I was only fool enough to try." (85) Joe instead takes the advice to be an invitation to a society of leisurely leeches. His drinking becomes so pronounced that Hattie break up with him several times over it. Ultimately, drink and desperation result in Joe murdering Hattie and receiving a life sentence in prison. Thus, Joe's initial fleeing of the stigma attached to his father's supposed crimes have caused him to emulate a self-defeating strata of society; in distancing himself from his father's alleged crime, Joe has unfortunately perpetuated a stereotype of a violent Southern Negro. Mr. Thomas first interest had been to win over Kitty's affections; it was only failing this that he befriended Joe in order to get closer to Kitty. In a way, Mr. Thomas does aid Kitty, but through a circuitous route. Kitty in general adheres to the moral guidelines she has followed all of her life. Her only weakness with metropolitan life is the theatre, which Hattie is able to provide access to through a Chorus Line contact. Kitty quickly gives up singing her traditional songs in favor of what are referred to as 'coon songs'. Her voice insures her quick rise from chorus to headlining, yet she develops a necessary callousness to go with it. As Joe's fortunes declined and hers rose, Joe frequently came to 'touch' Kitty for cash which eventually resulted in them no longer being on speaking terms. When Joe was arrested and convicted, Kitty "felt the shame of it keenly, and some of the grief." (123)This stemmed in part from earnest regret and in part of the de ja v experience from her f ather's incarceration: people couldn't help but connect her name to her brother's. Fearing an assumption

Assessment of parental satisfaction with dental treatment under Thesis

Assessment of parental satisfaction with dental treatment under general anesthesia - Thesis Example Waiting lists for such treatment are long, with average wait times of at least a year after the initial diagnosis. In addition, for parents with limited income, out-of-hospital care under general anaesthesia often was not an option. Many dentists are reluctant to treat patients on social assistance, because of low provincial reimbursement rates which barely cover their costs. It is recognized that there is a decline in access to hospital based general anaesthesia and operating rooms for paediatric dental patients. In September 2005, the University of Toronto, Faculty of Dentistry opened a new facility, the Paediatric Dentistry Dental Anaesthesia Surgicentre, to address the growing need to provide dental treatment under general anaesthesia in the paediatric population. The goal of the Surgicentre is to provide quality patient care in a timely manner to this underserviced/marginalized population. The expansion of the program serves the dual goals of reaching out to the community while enhancing the students educational experience, reflecting objectives that are central to the Universitys academic plan. The reported criteria for providing dental care under general anaesthesia are rampant caries in children less than five years of age or inability to cooperate when treated under local anaesthesia for five to eight-year-olds (Alcaino et al, 2000). Jamjoom et al. (2001) reported dental caries as being the most common reason for referral for general anaesthesia in patients under sixteen years of age, with the majority of children being under the age of six years. The experience of oral pain can have a considerable impact on the development of a childs growing dental fear and anxiety. However, dental fear can be learned from parents and friends, or can be the result of negative medical experiences unrelated to dental care (Berggren et al., 1997; Klingberg et al., 1995). Dental fear in children may also manifest as clinical

Risk Study Report (occupational health and safety) Research Paper

Risk Study Report (occupational health and safety) - Research Paper Example Individual and commercial insurance is a good way to reduce the personal as well as commercial financial risks. I have selected the J. Paul Getty Museum as the visiting location. The location is situated in Los-Angeles. Los Angeles itself is blessed with beautiful landscapes and the building of the museum is made uniquely so that it would attract as many visitors as the museum can hold. On the other hand the entry to the museum is absolutely free, while visitors are charged $15 for the parking. However, after 5p.m the parking is free too. Museums are good places to find cultural, religious and ancient aspects of the location. Around 1.3 million people visit the museum each year (The J. Paul Getty Museum, 2012). The most significant feature of the tourism business is the capability of the operators to deal with the risks and associated factors regarding the tourism business. It is equally viable for the operators to maintain a smooth, receptive and cost efficient insurance that will ensure to meet the legal necessities and requirements. Risk management ensures to make clear reduction in the unnecessary and unintentional events. However, it is important for the risk managers to develop such strategies to reduce the impacts of the unplanned events. The third important perspective of the risk management is to improve the capability to have full control on all the events and associated risks and maintain cost-efficient insurance within the business environment. Risk management strategies will ensure to enhance the recognition of the risks, analyze the risks and the make strategies to reduce the risk. It not only benefits the organization but also the individuals. On the other hand, the risk management techniques will help to face the accident and help us to be prepared for any accidents. The techniques will also reduce the severity and the after effects of the accidents. Financial damages are heavily influenced by the

Wal-Mart's Growth Plan in China Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Wal-Mart's Growth Plan in China - Case Study Example The case starts with a brief history of how Wal-Mart was formed and the strategy it employed to grow under the radar of big retailers and never come in direct competition with them. It talks about the reasons of success of wall mart - everyday low prices, customer focus, and relentless cost control, partnership with suppliers and unrivalled distribution and logistics management. After giving details how Wal-Mart become a huge success in USA; the case goes on to describe its China venture. It takes us through the history of retail market in China. It talks about retail being a centrally controlled business to the phase wise opening up of the sector to foreign players. In the end the case talks about many challenges being faced by Wal-Mart in China such as income disparity , local protectionism , infrastructural deficiencies , regulatory restrictions , lack of IT infrastructure and the different consumer behaviour of Chinese consumers than their counterparts in North America. The case makes us ponder over these difficulties being faced by Wal-Mart even after 10 years of starting operations in China. 1) Everyday Low prices -This strategy of Wal-Mart was able to win a large number of customers. It helped in successfully addressing customer's disappointment in constantly changing shelf prices. More important than the promise was Wal-Mart's ability to meet this promise every time. 2) Customer is No.1 - Sam Walton, the founder of Wal-Mart ensured that customer was treated respectfully by his employees and provided great customer service. The company came up with Sam's ten rules which became the corner stone of great customer service at Wal-Mart. 3) Small Town Locations - During the initial growth phase, Wal-Mart grew under the competition's radar. They operated in these towns which were considered as unviable by big retailers at that time. 4) Relentless Cost Control - Saving was given as much importance in Wal-Mart as was creating a sale. Wal-Mart relentlessly tried to cut costs to pass on the benefits to the customer. 5) Partnership With Suppliers - Wal-Mart provided big volumes to its suppliers but extracted a lot from them. It was always trying to push them to cut costs. Many processes being followed by suppliers were modified by Wal-Mart in order to reduce costs. 6)Unrivalled Distribution and Logistics Management - The IT infrastructure of Wal-Mart was connected with its suppliers in order to ensure that constant update on inventory requirements reach the customer. It followed Just in time approach and utilized cross docking method to reduce inventory of its stores. In analysing the Wal-Mart case we have used the long cycle process framework. The case analyses starts with identifying the major issues that Wal-Mart faces and have then gone on to analyse the same and find solutions in the last phase. Issues faced by Wal-Mart in China. 1) Immediate Issues. A) Market Segmentation Large amount of income disparities in China. The coastal regions have very high per capita income of 2117 $ where the inner and western regions have significantly less purchasing power as can be seen

Risk Study Report (occupational health and safety) Research Paper

Risk Study Report (occupational health and safety) - Research Paper Example Individual and commercial insurance is a good way to reduce the personal as well as commercial financial risks. I have selected the J. Paul Getty Museum as the visiting location. The location is situated in Los-Angeles. Los Angeles itself is blessed with beautiful landscapes and the building of the museum is made uniquely so that it would attract as many visitors as the museum can hold. On the other hand the entry to the museum is absolutely free, while visitors are charged $15 for the parking. However, after 5p.m the parking is free too. Museums are good places to find cultural, religious and ancient aspects of the location. Around 1.3 million people visit the museum each year (The J. Paul Getty Museum, 2012). The most significant feature of the tourism business is the capability of the operators to deal with the risks and associated factors regarding the tourism business. It is equally viable for the operators to maintain a smooth, receptive and cost efficient insurance that will ensure to meet the legal necessities and requirements. Risk management ensures to make clear reduction in the unnecessary and unintentional events. However, it is important for the risk managers to develop such strategies to reduce the impacts of the unplanned events. The third important perspective of the risk management is to improve the capability to have full control on all the events and associated risks and maintain cost-efficient insurance within the business environment. Risk management strategies will ensure to enhance the recognition of the risks, analyze the risks and the make strategies to reduce the risk. It not only benefits the organization but also the individuals. On the other hand, the risk management techniques will help to face the accident and help us to be prepared for any accidents. The techniques will also reduce the severity and the after effects of the accidents. Financial damages are heavily influenced by the

Many studies show that social background determines pupils' success Essay

Many studies show that social background determines pupils' success and it has been suggested that 'Class Does Matter' in ed - Essay Example Recently, some approaches came into picture which focused on: a) Raising the aspirations of working-class individuals, and b) On the diversification of the education market. Here, both these approaches are reviewed as well as analyzed. As an effort to find the remedy to this situation, the previous Labor government aimed to ‘drive up the standards’ through the diversification of the market and increased competition. The government took various initiatives including the academic program, and further ‘freeing’ of the market through allowing schools to gain their independence from local authorities. At this time came the concept of ‘free schools’ which in turn helped in analyzing emerging literature works as well as standards. At this point in time, the concept of the marketization of education worked perfectly as desired as per the closing of the social class gap in the field of education, and giving a stronger purchasing power to the middle-class es (Huat See, 2004). It increased their ability to ‘play the game’ successfully to their various social and cultural capitals. Early Reforms During the decade between the 1980s and the 1990s, the then functioning governments made a lot of standard changes to the education system of UK (DCSF, 2009). Some of these standard mechanisms included representation of parents on governing bodies, parental choice and creating a link between student enrolment numbers and school funding so as to bridge the gap. The explicit aim behind designing these reforms was the improvement of pupil achievement. The policy makers have also been concerned about the existence of poor basic skills found in the UK workforce, in comparison to other nations, especially amongst the younger population. Keeping in view all these issues, a nationwide standard curriculum was introduced by the government for the students in the age group of 7-16, so as to ensure that every student studied a minimum componen t of the curriculum (DCSF, 2009). In recent decades, higher education (HE) has been an important policy area, subjected to frequent reforms. As per the prevailing trend, higher education has been reserved as an area meant only for the higher socio-economic groups. Although, the recent decades have witnessed a gradual rise in HE participation, the lower socio-economic groups still score low on relative participation. Additionally, there is enough evidence to support the fact that the economic value attached with HE has not collapsed on account of its expansion. Indeed, the value of degree returns has remained very much intact during the period. Beginning from the late 1980s, a number of policy changes have been introduced in the education system of Britain (Huat See, 2004). Depending upon the type of educational system, the main content of these policy changes went through time based variations. However, the ultimate goal behind these changes was the creation of a standard policy fra mework which would make it mandatory for all schools and colleges to adopt the improvement agenda, as prescribed by Labour as well as Conservative Governments. The FEFC (Further Education Funding Council) has made an attempt to achieve the below given goals through the adoption of funding mechanism (DCSF,

System analysis

System analysis 4.1 Introduction System analysis is a major activity which takes place when we are structure a latest system or changing one. Analysis will help us to understand about the existing system and also will know the requirements necessary for the latest system. And if there is no accessible system then system analysis will defines only the necessity. In system analysis the most important factor is to identify and rectify problems in system. A well understanding of the system will enables designer to understand and rectify the system problems. Existing Software The software is implemented in the system hard disc to the server. The server program runs constantly and waits for a connection to be recognized to it and will make available on line system to automate different operations completed in the network. 2.1.1 Existing System In past the company staff uses the legacy system of carrying interoffice mails by the messengers from one user to other user of the company or they can also use the intercoms for call conference or even in some cases emails are used for transmit of messages between the group community There are some disadvantages in existing system * Tedious message broadcasting system. * Communication is not instant. * Message transfer is done through insecure communication media. * Communication delays. * Maintaining the identities of all the members is not efficient. Like using manual books, diaries, etc., for storing of users information. 2.1.2 Proposed System To overcome the shortcomings of the conventional systems, the project aims at developing a multithreaded public messaging system for broadcasting messages to every member in the channel; that allows multiple people (users) to interact with each other in a shared environment. The proposed system aims to fulfill the following: Ã ¾ Sharing of data in a real time environment, i.e., the data broadcasted can be edited online and viewed simultaneously. Ã ¾ Providing fast, secure, reliable and cost effective broadcasting communication medium between community members. Ã ¾ Support for public and private channels of communication. Ã ¾ Multiple media transmission support; like voice, text, images, etc. Ã ¾ Personal peer messaging service. Ã ¾ A user-friendly interface 2.2 Requirement Analysis Requirement analysis provides software designer with a model of: Ø System information Ø Function Ø Behaviour Model can be translated to data, architectural, and component-level designs. 2.2.1 Analysis Objectives Ø Identification of the customers needs. Ø Evaluation of the system for feasibility. Ø Perform technical analysis. Ø Establish constraints. Ø Create system definitions 2.3 Software Requirements Analysis Phases Problem recognition: The existing system provides the information about products in the form of Local Advertisements media and paper advertisements. This is not sufficient to reach the end user properly. So, the company management is willing to maintain a web site which one accomplished all firm in detailed. Evaluation and synthesis: After getting the clear problem definition we focused on what to do but not how to do. Ways to solve the problem and among the different ways we found and we selected the best way to solve the problem. Modeling: We made a rough diagram of the proposed system and showed it to the clients to verify whether their specifications are completely mentioned in that or not. Specifications: The software and hardware requirements and complete specifications are known. The functional and non functional requirements are known. Constraint: The constraints are known and a clear definition of the system is given. Review: A review of the whole process what we did and the result are shown to the clients. 2.4. Feasibility Study Feasibility study is conducted once the problem is clearly understood. It is a high level capsule version of the entire System Analysis and Design process. The main objective is to determine how to solve a problem quickly, at a minimum expense and to check if the problem is worth solving. This system has been tested for feasibility in the following points: Ø Operational Feasibility Ø Technical Feasibility Ø Economical Feasibility 2.4.1 Economic Feasibility Economic feasibility is the most frequently used method for evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed system. During study costs are considered like costs of hardware, minimum configuration, system compatibility of H/W, etc., the proposed system minimizes the time effort of the data collection, answering queries and generating reports which results in significant saving. Thus, the proposed system is economically feasible. 2.4.2 Operational Feasibility Proposed projects are beneficial only if they can be turned into information systems that will meet the requirements. As current business methods are not acceptable to the users in terms of speed, timely and accurate results, users welcomed a change that will bring about a more operational and useful system. With the rarely involvement it reduced the chances of resistance to the system and change in general and increased the likelihood of the project successfully. 2.4.3 Technical Feasibility It centers on the existing computer system and to what extent it can support the proposed system. The system can be expanded as the need arises. With the obtained technology there is guaranteed of accuracy, reliability, ease of access and security. Thus, it is technically feasible to design and develop the proposed system. 3. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION 3.1 Software Requirements Operating System : Windows XP,LINUX Languages : Java Java compiler : J2sdk1.4 3.2 Hardware Requirements Processor : Pentium III above RAM : 256MB Hard Disk : 20GB

Captain Corelli’s Mandolin Essay -- essays research papers

'Captain Corelli’s Mandolin' S U M M A R Y It is 1941, and a young Italian officer, Captain Antonio Corelli,arrives on the beautiful Greek island of Cephallonia as part of an occupying force. He is billeted in the house of the local doctor, Iannis and his daughter Pelagia. He quickly wins the heart of Pelagia through his humour and his sensitivity, not to mention his stunning ability on the mandolin. But Pelagia is engaged to Mandras, a local fisherman who is away fighting with the Greek army. Despite her growing affection for Corelli, Pelagia continues to write to Mandras, but he does not answer. It transpires that he could not, since he is illiterate. But Pelagia takes this as a sign that their love is dead and she gives herself to Corelli. Then there is the betrayal. Everyone, it seems, in a short space of time, is betrayed. In the autumn of 1943, the Allies invade Sicily instead of the Greek islands, and, in the eyes of the islanders, betray Greece; the Italian commander, General Gandin, betrays his men, the Germans betray the Italians; perhaps Corelli even betrays Pelagia by leaving her. The full horror of war, international and then civil, comes home to all the characters, then is swept away by the tide of history. Pelagia and Corelli are apart and destined to remain so for half a lifetime. Pelagia thinks Corelli is dead, Corelli, visiting Pelagia secretly every year, thinks she is married. Then, in 1953 a new horror hits the island – the earthquake. The events ...

The Bahamas :: essays research papers

The Bahamas - Consular Information Sheet COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: The Bahamas is a country of many islands and has a developing economy. Tourist facilities are widely available on the main islands. ENTRY/EXIT REQUIREMENTS: Visas are not required for U.S. citizens for stays up to eight months; however, U.S. citizens must carry original documentation proving U.S. citizenship (a valid or expired passport, a certified U.S. birth certificate or a Certificate of Naturalization), photo identification, and an onward/return ticket. Voter registration cards are not acceptable as proof of U.S. citizenship. There is an airport departure tax for travelers age six years and older. For further information, including entry/exit requirements, U.S. citizens may contact the Embassy of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, 2220 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008, telephone (202) 319-2660 or The Bahamas consulates in Miami at telephone (305) 373-6245 or New York at telephone (212) 421-6925. Additional information is available on The Bahamas’ Tourist Board web site at http://www.bahamas.com or telephone (800) 422-4262. CRIME INFORMATION: Visitors should exercise normal caution and good judgment when visiting The Bahamas. Although violent crime is on the increase, most incidents take place in parts of Nassau or Freeport not usually frequented by tourists (the "over-the-hill" area in Nassau, the Lucaya area in Freeport). Hotel guests should always lock their doors and should never leave valuables unattended, especially on beaches. Visitors should store passport/identity documents, airline tickets, unused credit cards and extra cash in hotel safes, and avoid wearing expensive jewelry, particularly Rolex watches, which have been targeted increasingly by criminals. Visitors should not travel alone on deserted areas of beaches or poorly-lit areas at night. The loss or theft abroad of a U.S. passport overseas should be reported to the local police and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. A lost or stolen U.S. birth certificate and/or driver’s license generally cannot be replaced outside the United States. U.S. citizens may refer to the Department of State’s pamphlets, A Safe Trip Abroad, and Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean for ways to promote a more trouble-free journey. The pamphlets are available by mail from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, via the Internet at http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs, or via the Bureau of Consular Affairs home page at http://travel.state.gov. MEDICAL FACILITIES: Medical care is generally good in Nassau and in Freeport, but may be limited in remote areas. Serious medical problems requiring hospitalization and/or medical evacuation to the U.

Ib Math Sl Type 1

Purpose of Investigation The purpose of this investigation is to find out the general trends of the Olympic gold medal height each time the event is held. It also could be used to predict the next gold medal height in the upcoming Olympic events. We could know as well what functions can be used to plot the graphs. People could also analyze the pattern of rise or decrease in height of the winning height in the Olympic game. This investigation also allows future participants to find out information about previous gold medal heights and can make them easier to set targets for their performance in the Olympic Games. a. b.The function I used for constructing this graph is Gaussian. Because from the list of functions in the graph-constructing program, the Gaussian function is the most accurate shape when plotted according to the data given which is the statistics of height of gold medalist for men’s high jump in the Olympic. The technology I used to plot all the graphs is Logger Pro 3. 50. c. The difference is not significant after I adjust it. It can be seen from the graph itself that the shape of it is also similar. The limitation is that it is plotted on a lower values compared to the original and so it couldn’t reach the 1980 mark like the original graph. . With the technology I used, the function I find to have a similar shape is the cubic function which is the red line. There are some period that the cubic function has a higher value. Also there are some points where the two graphs meet. But in the end the cubic is lower than the original and couldn’t reach the 1980 mark. e. According to the original graph, if in the year 1940 and 1944, the estimated height will be 198. 2 and 199. 6 respectively. f. Estimated winning heights in 2984 and 2016 are 235 and 241 respectively. From the data, the winning height generally tends to rise from year to year the Olympic is held.The estimated winning heights are obtained from the graph until the year of 2016. g. My model fits well with the additional data. However, there are some points that the graph doesn’t reach according to the additional data given. h. The overall trend from 1896 up to 2008 is that the gold medal height rises from year to year, although there are some years that the gold medal height fall compared to the previous Olympic event which are in the years 1896 to 1904, 1936 to 1948, 1968 to 1972, 1988 to 1992, and 1996 to 2000. i. No modifications are required are needed to fit my model into the new data.

British Imperialism: 1870-1914

There are many historical events that marked the British Imperialism of 1870 to 1914. Great Britain’s African rule was established and consolidated. This was focused mainly in the East and Southern Africa. British won the conflict with the French in Fashoda in 1898. Further, Britain also defeated Dutch resistance in the Boer War between 1899 and 1902. Britain also annexed Rhodesia into its territory. Great Britain got power over Burma and Malaysia. The two â€Å"opium wars† one in 1839 to 1842 and the second 1856 to 1860 widened the trade with China and the loss of Port of Vladivostok along the Pacific Ocean.Most importantly, Great Britain won the conflict for rule over India against France. The British East India Company was instrumental in consolidating the British rule in India. The British policy was very clear and that was to exploit India economically. There were problems for the British no doubt, for instance there was the â€Å"sepoy† mutiny of 1857-58 th at was quickly put down. Further, in 1885 Indian National Congress was established and that marked increased nationalism in India. This imperialism paid because during the World War I India supported Great Britain with men and finances (Matias.P 267). This brings us to the reason for British Imperialism between 1870 and 1914. The most important reason for the imperialism was economic. This was fuelled by the industrial revolution. This generated large amounts of capital in Great Britain as well as a huge demand for raw materials to feed the factories. There was a need for Britain to procure raw materials from abroad as well as seek investment opportunities for the new capital. Adding to this reason was the need to express nationalism. Imperialism provided Great Britain an opportunity to expand colonialism.There was a spirit of acquisition and a political race among the European countries to acquire more and more colonies (Laity, P. 74). Finally, the most powerful impetus in Great Br itain was the military. The military exerted great power in Britain and the military stressed the need for Britain to control importantly located areas and the need to set up military bases in key locations. To add to this cauldron of reasons was a religious fervor that favored imperialism. The extension of colonies was believed to be an act of humanitarianism in Great Britain.There are very mixed opinions on what benefits imperialism brought to Britain. There are suggestions by economists that with unemployment and industrial stagnation at home, the export of capital was a miscalculation. Economists believed that Great Britain would have been much better off with its capital at home rather than investing it abroad in colonies. The investments in colonies were not believed to be productive. Capture of new markets and expansion of economic imperialism was sadly behind schedule and satisfactory.Late nineteenth century capital investments in colonies were believed to be non-productive. The returns were lower than investments made back in Great Britain. On the other hand the argument that imperialism was humanist is nature is refuted by ‘nationalist’ writers who discuss the economic costs of British imperialism to Britain’s colonies, most prominently India. These writers claim that the British did not bring finances, medical advancement or prosperity to India; instead they brought with them a lasting legacy of backwardness and poverty.In other words it is argued that British imperialism brought economic impairment both to Britain and its colonies. Those who insist that British Imperialism brought benefits assert that Great Britain brought economic openness to its colonies especially in the period 1870 to 1914. This openness was brought not only to African and Asian colonies but also to South America and Japan. In addition, the proponents of British Imperialism point out that Great Britain allowed some emigration to some of its colonies and so p romoted the migration of labor from less developed to more developed societies.Moreover, historians claim that British Imperialism led to greater movement of investment capital to agrarian societies. Further, in its colonies British Imperialism has brought about good governance that includes the right to private property, reasonable and efficient government, What the British did in its colonies was to hold taxes to moderate levels. The British Imperialism is reputed to have provided its colonies with honest governments; there was not much nepotism. The government provided in the colonies was responsive to the needs of the people.The government and the law provided backing to enforcement of contracts and most importantly, the British imperialism provided in its colonies a right to individual liberty, especially against felony and corruption (Heyck, T, 35). The British established the common law in its colonies. From 1870s the British practiced the principle of keeping the tariffs low and the practice of cheap bread. In much of the British colonies the tariffs were also kept low except for the Dominions that were given the right to set their own tariffs in late nineteenth century.Had Britain withdrawn from its colonies in the late nineteenth century then larger tariffs would have been imposed against its exports and tariff barriers would have become the norm (Twaddle, M 17). The British Imperialism took place in the context of increasing tussle in Europe over strategic position, resources and esteem. During the period preceding 1870 that is between 1815 and 1871, Great Britain enjoyed profits of industrialization relatively easily. The British industry could produce expertly produced goods that could capture any market and out compete any other local products.However, the Franco-Prussian war in 1871 challenged the position of Britain. From the economic point of view what happened was that the industrial supremacy was gradually replaced with a need for financial conquest. In the latter half of the nineteenth century the industrial and commercial sluggishness in Britain spurred the formation of large companies and even conglomerates. The financial sector increased its influence over the British politics. There was a clamor that the government should protect the foreign investments.What prompted such demands was that the foreign investments were in assets like railroads and there was political unrest in several colonies where the investment had been made. In 1875 Britain purchased the shareholdings of the Egyptian ruler Ismail and managed to establish control over the Suez Canal. The French control in the area ended when the British occupied Egypt in 1882. After this the British wanted to control the Nile valley. For this they conquered Sudan between 1896 and 1898. The focus of the British Empire then focused on South Africa and in 1899 completed the takeover of that country.The British Empire had reaped great harvests from occupying Transvaa l with its deposits of gold and the Orange Free State (Cain, P 250). The British High Commissioner Alfred Miller pleaded for a British Empire that ranged from â€Å"Cape to Cairo† and that should be linked by railroad. This he explained would help exploit the minerals of the region. The military still exercised its say in the expansion of its Imperialism. To counter the expansion of Russia in 1878, Great Britain occupied Cyprus and established a base there. On the other side Afghanistan was annexed and occupied to block any Russian advance in that direction.This military strategic advancement led to the gory confrontation in Tibet (1903 – 1904). Economic explanations were provided for the far ranging increase of the British Empire. The explanation was that Great Britain was trying to protect its shrinking markets. It was under these explanations that Great Britain modified its policies in 1890 and tried to grab as much of the tropical African territories as possible. I n India after the ‘sepoy’ rebellion, there was a formal transfer of power from the British East India Company to the British government.The Governor-General the highest Company official in India was now appointed by the British government. In 1876 Queen Victoria was proclaimed the Empress of India and replaced the administration with civil servants trained in top British Universities. The princely states of India accepted the lordship of British. In 1880s British imperialism saw its expansion with the occupation of Burma. To sum, the British Imperialism of 1870-1914 saw the almost unbridled growth of the British Empire that gave birth to the saying â€Å"The sun never sets on the British Empire†.Even though there were costs that Britain had to bear in general it made several gains and established itself as a superior economic, military and political power. Reference: Cain, P. Hobson and Imperialism: Hobson Imperialism C, Oxford University Press,2002. Heyck, T, A History of the Peoples of the British Isles Routledge, Great Britain, 2002. Laity, P. The British Peace Movement 1870-1914, Oxford University press, 2001. Matias. P, The First Industrial Nation: The Economic History of Britain, Routledge, Great Britain, 1969. Twaddle, M. Imperialism and the State in the Third World, British Academy Press, 1992,

10 Ways to Start Afresh This Year Essay

New Year’s Eve is all about looking back at your past and most importantly looking forward to your future. A new year always brings along a ray of sunshine and hope which makes us believe that no matter how amazing or terrible the past year was, this one will be much better! New Year is the time for new beginnings, so here is a list 10 resolutions which will hopefully mark 2013 as the best year you have had! See more: Homeless satire essay -Maliha Intikhab 1. Break a bad habit and make a good one You don’t have to start with a huge transition. Take baby steps, choose a bad habit of yours and slowly try to get rid of it. We, humans are living are living huge parts of our lives on auto pilot so breaking up a habit will only take you half way. From there, you have to try to build a new habit, but the good thing now is that you can consciously choose this one. 2. Organize yourself! Declutter all the mess in your room! Take some time to organize your closet, work area, or your drawers and you’ll notice that you will instantly feel relaxed. No matter how much you hate cleaning up, organizing your things  will always prove to be beneficial for you because this time you won’t have to sift through the pile of paper clutter in your drawer to find that English essay. 3. Do something different Do something that is completely out of character for you, not only would that really expand your horizons but you will also make lifelong memories. It could be something as easy as making friends with new people or something as crazy as sky diving or bungee jumping. Spend some time outside you comfort zone. Always remember, we only get to live once so better make the best of it. 4. Stop trying to be perfect! Perfection is actually a mind trap. Perfection means that you have reached the end of your journey, which in a human’s case is only possible when one is dead. Try to be better instead, because â€Å"better† will always leave room for improvement. And, perfection is really about embracing your imperfections, not hiding them. If everyone becomes â€Å"perfect†, then there will be no uniqueness, no individuality since our flaws are actually what make us rare. 5. Lighten Up I know all those exams are right around the corner, but trust me stressing out will get you nowhere. Instead, take a deep breath and calm down. Don’t pile your work up; give yourself a little break every now and then to just relax. You can be your worst enemy if you put pressure on yourself so why even do it? [pic] 6. Quit being a quitter Failure is not losing at something; it is giving up on something. Quitting something is not called starting over; it is called leaving something unfinished. We have to learn to take responsibilities. Do not give, keep fighting for your dreams. Then, even if I do not achieve my goal, I would still have the satisfaction that I tried my best. â€Å"If life gets you done, get right back up† 7. Spend less time online Now, I am not trying to be preachy here, but we spend way too much time improving our cyber social life than we spend on our real one. Instead of writing on someone’s wall, how about actually hanging out with them. I am not telling you to leave social media but just make sure you have a real social life. 8. Boost up your health routine No, I do not mean running on a treadmill until you run out of breath. I mean, slowly try to make your lives healthier. Instead of that pizza, how about have an apple for lunch. How about walking home rather than waiting for your driver to come pick you up. It is always these little things that make the biggest differences! 9. Set a list of goals Where would you like to see yourself in a year? Make a list of goals you want to achieve this year, and put it up somewhere you can see it every day. Statistics show that if you set goals for yourself, it makes it a lot more likely for you to achieve them. 10. Try to become a nicer person You do not have to start big, just complimenting your friend is good enough. Volunteer at your local hospital or at a retirement home. I can guarantee that it will be the best feeling in the world to know that you were the  reason behind someone’s smile.

Recruitment and Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Recruitment and Selection - Essay Example Heavy reliance on internal sources is thought to perpetuate the racial, gender, and age composition of the workforce. Thus, a balance between promoting current employees and hiring outside applicants is needed. Newspaper ads. Running ads in periodicals such as local newspapers or professional journals is a common method of recruiting employees. In fact, in a survey of 188 organisations, personnel executives claimed newspaper advertising to be one of the most effective avenues of applicant recruitment (N.A. Mason & Belt, 1986). Although little research is available, there is plenty of expert advice on the best way for an employer to write recruitment advertisements. Kaplan, Aamodt, and Wilk (1991) tested some of this expert advice by first determining the characteristics of help-wanted ads and then comparing the design of actual help-wanted ads in 10 newspapers with the quantity and quality of applicants who responded After examining thousands of ads, Kaplan et al (1991) found 23 advertising characteristics, as follows: Ad Design: company emblem included, creative illustrations used, creative wording, white space around ad, job title enlarged or in bold face. Legal Information: affirmative action statement, EEO statement. Information about the Job: Benefit package listed, job title mentioned, salary description, multiple jobs listed in the same ad. Information about the Company: company address listed, company description included, company name mentioned, phone number listed. Applicant qualifications: educ ation requirements, personality traits desired, pervious experience requirements, skills needed by applicants, salary history requested. After comparing the presence or absence of the 23 characteristics with the presence or absence who responded to the ad, the researchers found that ads displaying the company

Analysis of an International Organization Research Paper

Analysis of an International Organization - Research Paper Example For airlines, it is necessary to have a strong team of professional enthusiastic individuals to make the business a success. Like every business in the service sector, airlines too require their workforce to be internally satisfied so that this behavior of theirs is reflected in their behavior with the customers. If one looks up ‘HR challenges faced by United Airlines’ online, every search engine gives an array of links that discuss the failing, almost embarrassing, situation of the airlines. Since its merger, it has faced a number of problems that range from operational inefficiency to lack of HR training. In the world of today, where options at hand are plenty and the organizations need to stand out through effective strategies and customer orientation, this is not a good business scenario. For every service business, the customer touch point is an essential deal maker or breaker. The moment a customer interacts with an employee representing the service organization, he gets a taste of the organizational culture and sets a service expectation standard. Customer satisfaction is the ultimate goal of such organizations. The major HR problems faced by United Airlines are as follows: -Lack of a strong organizational culture after the merger: After United Airlines made the acquisition of Continental Airlines, there was a lack of effort on the management’s side to unify the workforce so that there is a uniform sense of dedication towards the ‘United’ brand (Busmanagement.com). Even though efforts were made to gather the best talents from both the sides of the merger, the company still faces issues with bringing all its employees to term with their merger. -Lack of employee training programs: the employees are not trained to be customer oriented which reflects in their service levels. Their focus is on getting their work done and not making sure that the customers are made to feel genuinely valued and cared for. This is

Report on the book Great Leaders Grow by Ken Blanchard Essay

Report on the book Great Leaders Grow by Ken Blanchard - Essay Example Choosing the book was on the basis of past experiences where the authors have written other books pertaining leadership styles while sessions with the media caused their awareness. According to the book’s title, I expect to learn more ways of becoming a great leader and the different leadership styles present in the business sectors. I also expect to gain knowledge that will help me clarify the debate that argues whether a leader is born or made. The book has portrayed several objectives through character evaluation. The main purpose of the book according Blanchard is to create awareness on the strategies and procedures of becoming a great leader (Blanchard and Miller 3). It is evident through how the authors have defined the acronym GROW. It includes the four steps that should be followed by potential leaders towards growth and become great leaders. The meanings have been allocated to different chapters in the book. The letter "G" represents ‘Gaining Knowledge to help the leaders develop their skills. There are different ways that are illustrated in the book on how to help an individual obtain information at workplaces and organizations. Primarily, is to understand an individual’s personal strengths and weaknesses (Blanchard and Miller 33). The character Blake has been used to share his personal weaknesses with Debbie to help him get a job and become a leader. Once they are highlighted, the leader should seek solutions for their weaknesses to ensure there are no setbacks in the leadership process. After a personal exploration, the individual should try to understand other people in lower levels of the business (Blanchard and Miller 44). It will help in gathering knowledge on tastes and preferences of the followers in case the person is appointed as a leader. A great leader should also be open to change and at all time be a leadership student. Leadership is a continuous process and a leader should be ready to get new ideas

Project Management for construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project Management for construction - Essay Example Failure of the management to provide safe and healthy working environment often leads to more accidents and diminished productivity, work slippage and significant delays which often results in losses. However, quality failures are not only attributable to human resource alone but may also be a result of poor material handling, including procurement, inventory control, shop fabrication and field servicing.1( Tersine, R.J. 1982) The use or the none use of new equipment may also be a factor for poor productivity. In some cases, the failure of the construction firm to adopt recent innovations in technology removes the company from the mainstream construction activities thereby reducing its competitiveness in terms of work speed and efficiency. With a strong technological base, there is no reason why the construction industry cannot catch up and reassert itself to meet competition wherever it may be. Individual design and/or construction firms must explore new ways to improve productivity for the future.2( Peurifoy, R.L. 1970) A site subcontractor who have been contracted by my company for so many years is currently having quality failures. During the previous years, the same subcontractor serviced our company without problems. However, in the past few years, this contractor have not be performing well. Several sites on which it is currently working on have been experiencing quality failures requiring re-works and causing significant delays. Based on initial reports, the subcontractor is experiencing poor productivity and high labour turnover in its site preliminaries team. They have had four team managers in the last four years and the team has twice walked off jobs during that period. Further reports state that the preliminaries team Head Office base is in two portakabins in the Head Office car park. As Head Investigator for a main contractor, I should

Psychological Testing and Assessment Selection Paper Research

Psychological Testing and Assessment Selection - Research Paper Example An expectancy table provides an indication or prediction of the possibility that the scores of a person taking test will lie within interval on the measuring criterion that qualify categorization as failing, passing or acceptable. For instance, an expectancy table applied in experimental test on personnel in an employment setting may show that the higher the score of a worker on a new test is a prelude that the worker may be gain approval as successful. Commonly used expectancy tables include Naylor-Shine tables and Taylor-Russell tables (Cohen, Swerdlik & Sturman, 2013). Decision theory and test utility are another combination or resources that can help a counselor select a psychological test or assessment. Decision theory provides guidelines for setting cutoff point for particular scores recorded from tests. Another tool that counselors can use in selecting a psychological test or assessment is the Brogden-Cronbach-Glaser formula (Ployhart & MacKenzie, 2011). This is mostly useful in calculating the amount of dollar of utility retrievable from the use of particular instrument selected under a given condition. A counselor selecting a psychological test for a client needs to consider the four issues that include difficult-index of an item, reliability and validity indices of items and discrimination index. To determine an item’s difficulty index, one has to calculate the proportion of the number of test takers that answered an item in correct way. Usually, a lower case â€Å"p† helps in denoting item difficulty with subscript to show an item’s number. Cohen, Swerdlik and Sturman (2013) educate that the value of item index can range from zero incase everyone failed the item and one incase everyone passed the item. The larger the item difficulty index, the easier is the item, and the smaller the item difficulty index, the tougher the item. Easier items scored by all people and difficult items failed by all test takers are inappropriate

Inter Textual Synthesis Essay Essay Example for Free

Inter Textual Synthesis Essay Essay Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening, centers around the theme of discovering oneself. The book shows readers the world of Edna Pontellier and gives them a window into her numerous insecurities and hesitations. Throughout the book, Edna attempts to become the opposite of the stereotypical women of her time. She chooses to be herself instead of the socially acceptable role she is expected to be. Additionally, Natasha Tretheway’s poem â€Å"Domestic Work† and Bobby Coles’ poem â€Å"Finding Yourself† attack the issues of independence, relationships, and gender. These two poems in combination with The Awakening strive to challenge the status quo of women everywhere. In the 19th century, women were expected to be domestic goddesses. As a married woman, it was important to be a positive influence on her husband and children, but was still expected to address to her husband as the head of the household. These restrictions had many women, including Edna in The Awakening, feeling trapped. Some women felt the need to become their own person, as opposed to the woman they were expected to become. In the poem, â€Å"Domestic Work†, the reader is given a preview of a typical woman in the 1930’s: â€Å"She beats time on the rugs, blows dust from the broom like dandelion spores, each one a wish for something better. † (Trethewey 23-26). The poem displays the monotonous life of women in the 19th century, and how some women desired something more. Edna, from The Awakening, is included in the category of women who longed for a life beyond household chores. In both The Awakening and â€Å"Domestic Work†, independence and a woman’s relationships are subjects of choice. Edna feels that she should be able to be free and independent. She wants to make her own choices about men and decide on her own who she loves without anyone else’s opinion influencing her choice. When Edna starts to lose the feelings she once had for her husband, she falls for Robert Lebrun. In fact, Edna had no intention to marry Leonce to begin with; â€Å"Her marriage to Leonce Pontellier was purely an accident, in this respect resembling many other marriages which masquerade as the decrees of Fate† (Chopin 23). Edna desires to have freedom. Robert wants a marriage with Edna, which conflicts with what she wants. Her feelings for Robert are strong but Robert has mature feelings for Edna, eyond what she feels for him. Though Edna wishes she could say the same, her love for him is more an infatuation-not true love. â€Å"As Edna walked along the street she was thinking of Robert. She was still under the spell of her infatuation. She had tried to forget him, realizing the inutility of remembering. But the thought of him was like an obsession† (Chopin 71). In the end, Edna realizes she cannot have both independence and true love. She decides to keep Robert out of her life and ends up drowning herself because of the internal conflict she has endured. In the poem â€Å"Finding Yourself†, author Bobby Coles explains that a person has to reach inside himself/herself in order to discover who he/she is. Similarly, Edna and the woman in â€Å"Domestic Work† are enduring their own journey. In Coles’ poem, he intentionally writes without specificity of gender, therefore making the poem easily relatable to readers of any gender. Coles uses descriptive language to create an image of what it is like to go through the process of finding yourself like Edna and the woman in Domestic Work did. â€Å"When are you most comfortable? Are you being true to yourself? You are in there somewhere. Judge on your own. Listen not to others. Look in the mirror. See beyond the image† (Coles 35-41). Coles encourages readers to not be influenced by the opinions of others, and instead, judge for themselves. In each text, the idea of taking your life in your own hands is present. Each of the poems and The Awakening displays themes of gender, relationships and independence. These themes help shape the stories and give the reader a greater understanding of the messages, as well as make connections to each of the characters.