9 Types of Functional Variation

9 Types of Functional Variation 9 Types of Functional Variation 9 Types of Functional Variation By Mark Nichol Usually, we easily identify a word’s part of speech, but a given word’s grammatical category can shift, or one form of the word can differ in meaning from another, in a process called functional variation. For example, note the change in meaning of fly in the following sentences: â€Å"He caught a fly† (noun), â€Å"He caught a fly ball† (adjective), â€Å"He will fly there tonight† (verb), and â€Å"He caught the ball on the fly† (part of an adverbial phrase). These and other types of functional variation are described below: 1. Nouns as Adjectives Nouns are frequently employed to modify other nouns (for example, in â€Å"light fixture,† â€Å"grape jam,† and â€Å"railroad track†). However, problems include ambiguous usage, such as in the phrase â€Å"box set,† which can mean â€Å"a set in a box† (and is therefore better rendered â€Å"boxed set†) or â€Å"a set of boxes,† and adjective stacking, or employing an excessive series of nouns as adjectives. 2. Adjectives as Nouns The reverse can take place, as when a phrase such as â€Å"a hypothetical situation† is truncated to the adjective turned noun hypothetical or when a person or a group is identified, for example, as in â€Å"the homeless.† 3. Nouns as Verbs This type of transformation is ubiquitous in the business world and in other jargon-friendly environments, where terms for things such as impact, mainstream, and text become action words. 4. Verbs as Nouns Present participles such as laughing are employed as nouns: In â€Å"Who was laughing?† laughing is a verb; however, it’s a noun in â€Å"Did you hear that laughing?† (although it would be better to use the noun laughter). 5. Verbs as Adjectives Participles also serve as adjectives. To use the previous example, laughing can also modify a noun, as in â€Å"See that laughing girl?† (although one could also write, â€Å"See that girl laughing?†). 6. Adjectives as Verbs Such shifts are so rare that the only ones that occur to me are terms I occasionally use in these posts: lowercase and uppercase, as in â€Å"Lowercase job titles after a name,† in which lowercase refers to an action involving job titles, rather than describing a type of treatment of a job title. 7. Prepositions as Adverbs When one refers, for example, to â€Å"calling up reserves† or â€Å"casting off from the dock,† one is using idiomatic phrasal verbs to describe how calling or casting occurs, though some phrasal verbs are merely figurative; â€Å"calling up,† for example, involves no upward movement, while â€Å"casting off† literally results in one no longer being on the dock. 8. Conjunctions as Prepositions In rare cases, a conjunction can serve as a preposition, as when but, which usually functions as a conjunction, as in â€Å"I was there, but I didn’t see you,† is employed as a synonym for except, as in â€Å"Everyone but you has agreed.† 9. Various Parts of Speech as Interjections Most parts of speech can serve as an interruptive or exclamatory term, including nouns (â€Å"Dude!†), pronouns (â€Å"Me!), verbs (â€Å"See?†), adjectives (â€Å"Wonderful!†), and adverbs (â€Å"Slowly!†). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?15 Great Word Games10 Tips for Clean, Clear Writing

A Short History of the Soviet and Russian Space Program

A Short History of the Soviet and Russian Space Program The modern age of space exploration exists largely because of the actions of two countries who competed to get the first people on the Moon: the United States and the former Soviet Union. Today, space exploration efforts include more than 70 countries with research institutes and space agencies. However, only a few of them have launch capability, the three largest being NASA in the United States, Roscosmos in the Russian Federation, and the European Space Agency. Most people know of the U.S.s space history, but the Russian efforts occurred largely in secrecy for many years, even when their launches were public. Only in recent decades has the full story of the countrys space exploration been revealed through detailed books and talks by former cosmonauts.   The Age of Soviet Exploration Begins The history of Russias space efforts starts with World War II. At the end of that huge conflict, German rockets and rocket parts were captured by both the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Both countries had dabbled in rocket science before that.  Robert Goddard in the U.S. had launched that countrys first rockets. In the Soviet Union, engineer Sergei Korolev had experimented with rockets, too. However, the chance to study and improve upon Germanys designs was attractive to both countries and they entered into the Cold War of the 1950s each striving to outdo the other into space. Not only did the U.S. bring over rockets and rocket parts from Germany, but they also transported a number of German rocket scientists to help with the fledgling National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and its programs. The Soviets  captured rockets and German scientists, too, and eventually began experimenting with animal launches in the early 1950s, although none reached space. Yet, these were the first steps in the space race and set both countries on a headlong rush off Earth. The Soviets won the first round of that race when they put Sputnik 1 into orbit on October 4, 1957. It was a huge win for Soviet pride and propaganda and a major kick in the pants for the fledgling U.S. space effort. The Soviets followed up with the launch of the first man into space, Yuri Gagarin, in 1961. Then, they sent the first woman in space (Valentina Tereshkova, 1963) and did the first spacewalk, performed by Alexei Leonov in 1965. It looked very much like the Soviets might score the first man to the Moon, too. However, problems piled up and pushed back their lunar missions due to technical problems. Disaster in Soviet Space Disaster struck the Soviet program and gave them their first big setback. It happened in 1967 when cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov  was killed when the parachute that was supposed to settle his Soyuz 1 capsule gently on the ground failed to open. It was the first in-flight death of a man in space in history and a great embarrassment to the program. Problems continued to mount with the Soviet N1 rocket, which also set back planned lunar missions. Eventually, the U.S. beat the Soviet Union to the Moon, and the country turned its attention to sending unmanned probes to the Moon and Venus. After the Space Race In addition to its planetary probes, the Soviets got very interested in orbiting space stations, particularly after the U.S. announced (and then later canceled) its Manned Orbiting Laboratory. When the U.S. announced Skylab, the Soviets eventually built and launched the Salyut station. In 1971, a crew went to Salyut and spent two weeks working aboard the station. Unfortunately, they died during the return flight due to a pressure leak in their Soyuz 11 capsule. Eventually, the Soviets solved their Soyuz issues and the Salyut years led to a joint cooperation project with NASA on the Apollo Soyuz project. Later on, the two countries cooperated on a series of Shuttle-Mir dockings, and the building of the International Space Station (and partnerships with Japan and the European Space Agency). The Mir Years The most successful space station built by the Soviet Union flew from 1986 through 2001. It was called Mir and assembled on orbit (much as the later ISS was). It hosted a number of crew members from the Soviet Union and other countries in a show of space cooperation. The idea was to keep a long-term research outpost in low-Earth orbit, and it survived many years until its funding was cut. Mir is the only space station that was built by one countrys regime and then run by the successor to that regime. It happened when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991 and formed the Russian Federation. Regime Change The Soviet space program faced interesting times as Union began to crumble in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Instead of the Soviet space agency, Mir and its Soviet cosmonauts (who became Russian citizens when the country changed) came under the aegis of Roscosmos, the newly formed Russian space agency. Many of the design bureaus that had dominated space and aerospace design were either shut down or reconstituted as private corporations. The Russian economy went through major crises, which affected the space program. Eventually, things stabilized and the country moved ahead with plans to participate in the International Space Station, plus resume launches of weather and communications satellites. Today, Roscosmos has weathered changes in the Russian space industrial sector and is moving ahead with new rocket designs and spacecraft. It remains part of the ISS consortium and has announced Instead of the Soviet space agency, Mir and its Soviet cosmonauts (who became Russian citizens when the country changed) came under the aegis of Roscosmos, the newly formed Russian Space Agency. It has announced interest in future lunar missions and is working on new rocket designs and satellite updates. Eventually, the Russians would like to go to Mars, as well, and continue solar system exploration.

Aztecs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aztecs - Essay Example Aztecs were ancient Nahuatl-speaking people whose civilization flourished in Central Mexico from the 12th century AD until they were conquered by the Spanish led by Cortes in 1519. Aztec history is one of the best preserved records of the Mesoamericans. The Aztecs were a nomadic tribe living in northern Mexico for centuries before they migrated to the highlands of central Mexico in the 12th century. The power of the Aztecs began to rise in the 14th century, and by the 16th century they were dominating central Mexico and up to present-day Guatemala in the south. Being the last in a series of civilizations in Mesoamerica, the Aztecs had a complex culture that had shades of the cultures of civilizations preceding them such as the Mayan and Teotihuacan. The extensive practice of human sacrifice was a prominent feature of Aztec culture. This essay analyzes the concept of human sacrifice in Aztec culture. Sacrifices were fundamental to most ancient cultures.In fact, all cultures have pract iced sacrifice in some form or other, ranging from food and wine to animals and humans. In our modern and civilized cultures, however, human sacrifice is deemed as a freak and abhorrent cult. Human sacrifice among the Sumerians involved poisoning and burial. The Sumerian civilization that existed on the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers about 4000 B.C., practiced human sacrifice in the form of the burial of a king in a lower chamber, followed by a layering of humans and, finally, the chief sacrifice of the queen in the topmost chamber in a tomb. In the Neolithic or Bronze period in China, in what was possibly the earliest known phase of civilization, the Shang Dynasty (1500-600 B.C.) practiced sacrifices of war captives to the royal ancestors. When a king died, it was customary to bury him along with his sacrificed servants. Thus, human sacrifice among the ancient Chinese was practiced for the sake of ancestor worship. The Celts (400-200 BC) whose territory extended f rom Ireland to parts of Asia Minor, and in the south to parts of Italy, and some regions in Spain, besides the entire Roman empire, also indulged in human sacrifice until the beginning of the Christian era and the act was probably voluntary. Thus, human sacrifice by the Celts was carried out to placate the gods in order to reap benefits for the community. From all accounts the ritual of human sacrifice undertaken by the Aztecs was extremely violent and savage. The most common form of human sacrifice among the Aztecs consisted of blood letting and tearing the hearts out to offer to the gods, in particular, Huitzilopochtli. This involved cutting open the chests of victims at altars on top of temple-pyramids by special sacrifice priests using sacrificial knives carved out of precious stone. A most spectacular yet gruesome event is said to have taken place during the consecration of the temple of Huitzilpochtli, just two decades before Cortes defeated the Aztecs. On this occasion, at le ast 20,000 prisoners are said to have been sacrificed in a marathon session of sacrifice conducted by Ahuitzotl, the then Aztec ruler, and his relatives, acting as the officiating priests (Raggio et al., 2000). The skulls of the sacrificial victims placed on long wooden racks were later displayed to the public. The Aztec empire was a model of administrative regulation and control, and which had implemented many economic and political innovations. The highly successful Aztec society had developed advanced agriculture, mathematics, astronomy and art. Their capital, Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City) established in 1325, developed fast and had a population of more than 100,000 people when it was attacked by the Spanish. The reasons for such a powerful empire yielding so quickly and completely to the Spanish in 1519 beg to be discussed. Religion was a driving force for the Aztecs, Huitzilopochtli being the patron god. Besides this hummingbird-like god, there were several other prominent dei ties, too. Human sacrifices

Globalization of Nursing Practice Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization of Nursing Practice - Article Example This is evidenced in Savitha’s case where she sought for treatment for unlicensed doctor, to a practitioner then to main hospital for two weeks. During this period, she spent $20 on transport and medical services and at the same time she lost $20 of her income as she did not work. Her poor health negatively impacted on her income (Jones & Barlett Learning). Savitha’s poor health decreased her own productivity. By being ill, it means that Savitha drew more attention to her sickness. This shows that most of the time and dedication she gave to her work was diverted towards addressing of her illness. This will in turn be reflected by being less productive in her work. From the case, it is evident that she lost two weeks away from work while seeking for treatment. She took this action because she felt that she was ill, thus unhealthy. The condition of being unhealthy and missing for work made her less productive. This case shows that, by being unhealthy, Savitha became less productive. The difference of the health of some cultures such as Savitha’s and the health of American culture can be explained in terms of health and equity and health expenditures and outcomes of these cultures. In the context of health and equity, Savitha’s culture is from a poor village in India, she seeks treatment treatments from unlicensed doctor because health systems do not respond to her needs with equity but as a poor person. From a poor village, she undergoes many expenses on seeking for health services that she later pays for herself. This shows that the expenses on medical services are based on one’s income. This is different from America, as expenses on medical services do not reflect one’s income. On the grounds of health expenditures and income, Savitha is from a low-income country that is spending low share of GDP on health issues. This means that the nation spends less amount of its income for medical services that have resulted to scar ce and distant health services especially in poor villages (Jones & Barlett Learning). Most of the countries expenditures on health on the bases of its share of national income are directly related to the status of health. The countries with low income spend less percentage of their national income on matters of health. This leads to low status of health such as low life expectancy. This is evidenced in the case of Ghana where their expenditures on health are low with a corresponding low life expectancy. The high-income countries spend a greater percentage of their national income on health which is reflected with better health. Germany is an example where its expenditures on health as a share of national income are high with increased and better health services. Hence, as the country expends more on health as a share of national income, there is an observed increase in health of its people (Jones & Barlett Learning). Expenditures from my country of origin comes from the government and other sources, hence the expenditure on health consists of public and private sectors. Considering that cost effecting analysis will not be effective if used solely in making choices among investments on health systems, I would incorporate equity. One of the reasons for equity consideration is that people are entitled to different income. Most likely, those under low income find it difficult to cater for their own medical expenses. Equity consideration

Louis Xiv Essay Example for Free

Louis Xiv Essay Sam Jones Mr. Johnson Social Studies 13 July 2011 Life of the Common People under Louis XIV’s Rule An Absolute Monarchy was a new concept to the people of France during the 1600’s. Other forms of government were failing from lack of control, so the people of France turned to an Absolute Monarch, named Louis XIV. The only problem with Louis was that he was self-centered, and did not care a whole lot about governing his kingdom. He was more concerned with making himself looking good, and even went as far to call himself the â€Å"Sun God. † As a result, the French common people lived very rough lives, due to the neglect of their king. It was not an easy life for the French people under King Louis XIV’s rule, and it was not made better by his view on governing. This is shown through his lack of genuine care for his people, over taxation, and wars of the time. City life was very harsh on people, and this is shown by the fact that King Louis XIV himself did not live in the city. The people of Paris were starving because of a war happening; all of the food is going to the troops. Louis handles this problem by showing his generous heart, and giving the people spoiled food to eat. This action caused unrest and rioting, which was a problem for King Louis. The citizens of Paris were treated as mere objects and not people, and this would be hard to live with. Harsh living conditions made life hard as it is, and the spoiled food added to their loathsome lives. During king Louis XIV’s reign, he fought many wars in order to expand his territory. This caused many people who did not want to fight, be forced to join in wars they didn’t believe in. King Louis would even go as far as to send women’s loved ones into combat, just so when they died their inevitable death, he could have their significant other. Also, wars caused even more poverty for the people of France. In an instance where a woman’s husband was killed in combat, the wife would be left to supply their family with food. The social status of women at the time was very low, so it would be very hard for any woman to find a well paying job, causing even more starvation. This is the kind of environment the people of France lived in, and it was not an easy one. If war and a selfish king wasn’t enough, the people of France were also being heavily taxed. War wasn’t cheep, and King Louis needed some way to finance it. The simple solution was to tax the already poor French people. The people were already starving, and the heavy taxation made the burden of life much heavier. No money, meant no food, which made the people very upset at the king. Life wasn’t easy as it was, and lack of food and money made it unbearable. Absolute monarchy had its advantages and disadvantages. Many small issues may have been resolved, but under King Louis XIV, new problems arose. People starved, were forced to fight, and were overtaxed. Life was rough, and the rule of King Louis was not helping make it better. The citizens of France got what they wanted with an Absolute monarch, but their burdensome lives did not improve.

Comparison of how The Flea and To His Coy Mistress Present and Develop

The Flea and To His Coy Mistress are two poems written by poets living during the Renaissance Period. To His Coy Mistress was written by Andrew Marvell and The Flea was written by John Donne. Both of these poets were well-educated 'metaphysical poets', and these poems illustrate metaphysical concerns, highly abstract and theoretical ideas, that the poets would have been interested in. Both poems are based around the same idea of trying to reason with a 'mistress' as to why they should give up their virginity to the poet. There is a similar theme running through both of the poems, in which both mistresses are refusing to partake in sexual intercourse with both of the poets. The way in which both poets present their argument is quite different as Marvell is writing from a perspective from which he is depicting his mistress as being 'coy', and essentially, mean, in refusing him sex, and Donne is comparing the blood lost by a flea bite to the blood that would be united during sex. Marvell immediately makes clear his thoughts in the poem when he says, "Had we but world enough, and time/ This coyness, Lady were no crime", he is conveying the 'carpe diem' idea that there is not enough time for her to be 'coy' and refuse him sexual intercourse and he justifies this thought when he suggests when she is dead, in ?thy marble vault?, and ?worms shall try that long preserved virginity?. He is using the idea of worms crawling all over and in her corpse as a way of saying that the worms are going to take her virgin ity if she waits until death. Donne justifies his bid for her virginity in a much longer and more methodical way, he uses the idea of the flea taking her blood and mixing it with his, ?It suck?d me first, and now sucks thee?, and then... ...n The Flea) were viewed as extremely inventive and clever in the eyes of the people reading them during the Renaissance period. The poets integrated ?metaphysical conceits? as focal parts of these poems. Along with these, they used effective language as a basis for their convincing arguments, they included subjects of periodical importance (e.g. ?courtship? and ?religion?), and use very clever structures that are manipulated in order to make the poem read in the desired way. The very clear indication of the theme in question was strongly aided by the way in which the personas portrayed the emotions they felt and the way they showed their attitudes towards the subject. Considering all these factors, the poets made critical arguments to the mistresses in order to alter their views, thus changing their minds, on denying the poets the sex that they desired so strongly.

India’s Nuclear Policy

The relationship between International Nuclear Regimes and developing nations is a matter of passionate debate. Debate is in process on certain issues like nuclear policy, on grand strategies, on basic political values etc. It is a debate with implications for our individual and collective existence and raises fundamental question about political preferences, approaches and pathways ahead. The end of World War II and use of nuclear bomb presented US with new kind of strategic dilemma. How could a potentially apocalyptic technology once discovered, permanently be kept out of the hands of competitors and in March 1963, President J. F. Kennedy warned the Americans public that 15-25 states would come to posses nuclear weapons by 1970. (Spector,Sanfrancisco,1990) Currently 09 states have successfully detonated nuclear weapons of which 05 are called Nuclear Weapon States- US, Russia, U. K, France, China and rest are India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel. The prediction of President Kennedy did not come to pass is not because of lack of technological know how but rather several states that could have developed nuclear weapon program chose not to do so and signed NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) as non- nuclear weapon states. It is the most questionable treaty by International Nuclear Regime and posses direct criticism from developing nations. The discrimination is inherent in NPT as it allows some state to have nuclear weapons while others not and it is sidestepped by the inclusion of Article VI. It represents a diplomatic victory in the cold war era; success was almost destined from the outset due to simple strategic dynamic: nuclear armed states, as they didn’t want to nullify their strategic advantage by allowing competitors to acquire nuclear weapons. http://www. ippnw. org/Resourcelibrary/Treaties Brief. Pdf) CTBT banns all nuclear explosions, whether they take place in atmosphere or underground the earth. It was negotiated in Geneva between 1994 and 1996. The treaty has not come into force. Without the support from key players like US, China, DPRK, Egypt, to a lesser degree India etc. , it faces an uncertain future. India-Pak largely owing to their low-level nuclear arms race, have not signed the treaty. Though a lot of external pressure is constantly been made for it. (http://www. ocstoc. com/docs/5313084/CTBTO-Fact-Sheet-CTBT-Comprehensive-Nucl earTeat-Ban-Treaty) FMCT- Fissile Material Cut off Treaty similarly bans the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. Again it has faced similar results as of earlier treaties. There has been a nuclear non-proliferation regime since 1957, but its future is in doubt. Increasingly bilateral influences on the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) programs indicate retrenchment from cooperative multilateral behavior. Restrictions on technology transfer, undertaken in efforts to prevent the creation of the unit veto-system have impelled developing countries to break out of the collaborative framework of the regime and pursue autarchic strategies. As far as norms like universality is concerned the developing countries mistrust proposed universal institutions because of disparities in power maintaing advantages for the developed states even under ostensibly universal rules. Also the developing states countering to the International Nuclear Regimes are reluctant to accept sovereignty costs without symbolic and material compensations. Brito, New York, 1983) The Nuclear suppliers states have historically been able to monopolize the supply of materials facilities and technology, because they have the leverage of monopoly suppliers, they have been able to make demands on other states that can’t be ignored. The developing states have had little of the power within the regime enjoyed by the nuclear suppliers. (Schiff, New Jersey, 1984) Along with these the other treaties and groups like outer space treaty, Sea bed treaty, London Group, Australia Group etc. hich form the international nuclear regime are known for their discriminatory policies especially for the concern of developing nations. So it becomes necessary to study their role in making of nuclear policy of India. The Indian Nuclear Program was started in mid-1940s as India gained independence from centuries of British rule, and after the use of atomic weapons against Japan by U. S. both these legacies have had an impact on Indian leaders. In 1948 the Atomic Energy Act was set up. Under it the Department of Atomic Energy was created in 1954. (http://www. world-nuclear. org/info/inf53. tml) Obduracy of Nuclear powers of the world compelled India to go nuclear. Legitimization of nuclear weapons by international community also contributed towards India going nuclear. Rising trends of intervention by the industrialized nations in the domestic affairs of developi ng nations, among which India is also one, also compelled India to direct its nuclear resources towards nuclear weapons. It was necessary for India to protect the autonomy of decision making in the developmental process in strategic matter which are inalienable democratic rights of one sixth of the global population residing in India. From the beginning, the Indian nuclear programme was ambitious, India developed facilities for mining Uranium, fabricating fuel, manufacturing heavy water, and reprocessing spent fuel etc. the program never lost sight of the military uses of atomic energy. During 1950s Homi Bhabha, the chief architect of nuclear program, was greatly interested in developing the technology for peaceful nuclear explosions, an interest that culminated ultimately in the 1974 nuclear test at Pokhran. Yet India was a champion of NAM. Even as its nuclear program was growing, India was at the forefront of several disarmament proposals including CTBT, originally suggested by Nehru in 1954. (Rajain, New Delhi, 2005) National Security considerations -During the negotiations of Nuclear NPT in 1967, India argued against the discriminatory aspect and called it nuclear colonialism. During the course of the CTBT negotiations, there was a crucial change in the Indian stance. As Salman Hyder said â€Å"We don’t believe that the acquisition of nuclear weapon is essential for our national security and we have followed a conscious decision in this regard†. This was completely in line with the traditional Indian view point of not using nuclear weapon for military uses. But on 20-June-1996 when the Indian Ambassador to the Conference on Disarmament, Arundhati Ghose, rejected the CTBT in the present form, she said that the CTBT was not in Indian security interests and our national security considerations have become a key factor in our decision making. This was a marked shift in Indian nuclear policy making. (Peimani, New Delhi, 2000) Domestic Trends- These shifts towards global disarmament and its increasingly strident criticism of any step by step measures towards nuclear disarmament influenced by domestic or internal trends on forces. Ever since the early 1960s, hawkish sections of the Indian policy making community have argued in the domestic media in favor of building a nuclear arsenal. The 1974 nuclear tests is in part, a display of their influences. The last few governments in India have been relatively weak and unstable, all formed by coalitions of various parties with different agendas. Hence there came a little slowdown in the the nuclear policy making as parties from the left-Marxist views turned out to be an obstacle dealing with the issue at international level and many other factors also pressurized the relatively weak governments. But governments managed to follow consistent opposition to any restraints on Indian nuclear and missile program. (http://www. meadv. gov. in/govt/inducld. html) In reality however, Indian leaders including Rajiv Gandhi, V. P. Singh, Atal Bihari Vajpayee- did the bare minimum to operationalize and institutionalize the nuclear option. Also the nuclear weapons are seen by political leaders essentially as a way to enhance their domestic standing and their nation’s international status. PM Indira Gandhi’s decision to give green light to 1974 PNE was domestic politics. Similarly after series of tests in May 1998, Home Minister L. K. Advani felt compelled to issue a nuclear threat to Pakistan. While China is cited as the motivation behind India’s Nuclear Weapons Programme, but that is irrelevant to most of the Indians for whom Pakistan is a bigger threat. Similar nuclear nationalism is also evident in the actions of Indian leaders at International level. The crossover of the external pressure into the domestic political arena was evident during CTBT negotiations. Both P. VNarsimha Rao and H. D. Deve Gowda governments showed unvandering support towards India’s strategic enclave (and opposition to CTBT). But on the other hand there was perception that after 1999 the doors would be closed to enhance India’s nuclear status so much so that Former PM I. K Gujral a nuclear dove admitted that had he continued in office until Sep. 999, the pressure to test would have been difficult to resist. But in spite of weak coalition government Indian hawks managed pressure imposed by the NWS and particularly USA. Also the economic liberalization program has contributed in an indirect way to the campaign. Hand in hand with the 5-10% increase in the Indian economy has been the rise of Indian elite group who insisted to make India a powerful nation. (Sidhu, NewDelhi, 2004). India has proved that it is capable of playing hard ball with the great powers and the time has come for the west especially USA to recognize India’s nuclear status. And was done also as Nuclear deal with US, Russia, France, Canada, Kazakhstan, Mongolia etc. Till December 2008 Russia’s Rosatom and French- Areva had contracted to supply Uranium. Where as January 2009- Kazatomprom signed a MoU for supplying 300tones Uranium in 2010-11. September 2009 Uranium supply agreement with Mongolia and Namibia. March 2010 Russia offered India stake in its Sakha Republic and agreed on a Joint Venture with ARMZ uranium holding. In July 2010 the Minster of Science and technology reported that India had received 868tU from France, Russia and Kazakhstan. http://www. meadv. gov. in/govt/inducld. html) Following the 2005 agreement between US and Indian heads of state on nuclear energy cooperation, UK indicated its strong support for great cooperation and France- Canada moved in similar direction. US department of commerce, the UK and Canada relaxed control on exports of technology to Indian staying under guidelines of NSG. In October 2008 US-Congress passed the bill allowing civil nuclear trade with India and also a nuclear trade agreement was signed with France. Erckel, London, 2008) As of now India has total 19 operating nuclear power reactors other than this 04 are under construction 39- are planned or firmly proposed. 05 new Nuclear Energy Parks under construction Uranium resources 54000 tones uranium is reasonably assured resources 2350 tones uranium estimated additional in situ. (http://www. world-nuclear. org/info/info80. html) All this proves India to be a big Nuclear State with accelerated growth in the nuclear sector. Also it becomes important to look into the matter that how in spite of not signing any disarmament or nuclear non-proliferation agreement and keeping a strong standing position against all the external pressures exerted by big powers, how India managed to officially mark its presences in the nuclear club. As doing various nuclear trade agreements with countries like US, France, Canada, Russia etc. in itself position India to be a nuclear weapon state which earlier these countries were not willing to agree with. The status of India as the head of developing countries against the International nuclear regime is also the matter to be studied in order understand Indian Nuclear Policy. The dramatic changes from a nuclear dove to a nuclear hawk behavior in the Indian policy making with regard to nuclear issues is another point to be studied. And the fundamental change in the domestic politics from single party government to coalition has also marked great influence in the nuclear policy making.

Environmental sustainability of Nestlé Essay

Introduction The environmental and sustainability report has become more and more important information to reflect the corporate social responsibility of the company. The companies, in particular the big multinational companies listed in the public, have paid much attention to disclose the relevant information recently (Environmental Leader, 2008). Nestlà © is one of the famous food manufacturing company, and this present paper is to study the relevant environmental and sustainability of Nestlà © accordingly. Environmental sustainability of Nestlà © Based on the sustainability report of Nestlà ©, the relevant environmental sustainability performance information of Nestlà © has been clearly laid out, including government and systems, life cycle approach, the impact of water, climate change, air emissions, transports and distribution, packaging optimization, waste and recovery and biodiversity (Veritas, 2012). In light of the information provided by Nestlà ©, the value of Nestlà © in relation to the environmental sustainability is to enhance its environmental performance and efficient operations, decrease the negative impacts on the natural resource, and constantly employ the cost saving approaches in terms of raw materials, water, etc. Meanwhile, the goal of Nestlà © is to supply the delicious food and beverages, as well as obtain the better environmental performance, with a view to enhance the efficiency of business operation and environmental impact accordingly (Veritas, 2012). In Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s report of environmental sustainability, it has introduced various actions that Nestlà © carried out this year in order to achieve the environmental sustainability goals. The actions taken by Nestlà © include investing CHF 143 million in environmental improvements, performing the relevant project to enhance the environmental impact by reducing water use, non-renewable energy consumption, GHG emissions, avoiding waste and enhancing the utilities of the products, such as the packaging. In addition, Nestlà © also has worked with the suppliers to improve the performance of its supply chain (Veritas, 2012). Nestlà © has provided the quantity information of its performance environmental sustainability since year 2001, including reducing 17% GHG emissions, reduced by 58% and 42% per tonne of product in terms of water withdrawals and energy consumption respectively. Meanwhile, the renewable energy consumption has reduced to 12% of total energy consumption, and the wa ter discharges has reduced by 64% per tonne of product. The efforts that Nestlà © put into the environmental sustainability may increase the cost of its business, but on the other hand, those efforts can also generate more production volume. For instance, the total on-site energy consumption slightly increased by 0.5%, while the total production volume increased by 73.3% over the same period since year 2001. Furthermore, Nestlà © has obtained various awards and recognitions of its performance in environmental sustainability, such as 2011 Stockholm Industry Water Award, 27th World Environment Center Gold Medal award for its commitment to environmental sustainability (Veritas, 2012). Based on the information provided by Nestlà ©, it has demonstrated that Nestlà © has paid much attention to the environmental issue and Nestlà © has the high social responsibility of the environment impact. Meanwhile, there are various elements that heavily influenced the operations of Nestlà ©, and Nestlà © needs to face the relevant challenges of those impacts, including the access of the clean water, constant innovation for the tasty and nutritious food and beverages for the growth population, reducing GHG from its operation, etc. (Veritas, 2012). In the end, the efforts and resources that Nestlà © engaged has not only obtained the long terms positive impact of its corporate profits, but also established the favorable corporate image of its brand and obtained the highly reward for the public (Kolk, 2004). Conclusion To sum up, Nestlà © has established a systemic approach in environmental sustainability and has disclosed the comprehensive environmental sustainability reports to the public. Nestlà © is not the company that only simply chases the growth of its financial revenues, but it also focuses on the environmental impact caused by its business. The release of the relevant information that the company engaged in sustainability activities can make the shareholders and the public know much about the value of company, and generate the positive influences in the long term.

UNTIED NATIONS REFORM essays

UNTIED NATIONS REFORM essays Fifty years after the creation of the United Nations, there is continuous debate amongst its member states on the proposal for the reform of various United Nations systems. The main reform proposals call for the reformation of the Security Council and for the creation of an International Criminal Court. The issue regarding the Security Council address the need for change in the UN's most important and most powerful body. These reforms take two main views, one calling for the expansion of the Security Council and the other calling for the limitation and gradual end of the right to veto especially among the permanent members. In the past decade, there were two occasions when criminal tribunals were set up to try criminals for crimes against humanity, one after the war in Bosnia and the other after the civil war in Rwanda. Both these tribunals have helped persuade the International community to propose for the creation of a permanent Criminal Court. Because the United Nations has begun to take up a more prominent role in global affairs the increasing number of member states and countries advancing economically, the United Nations is feeling the pressure to The United Nation was created with the purpose of an organization that would ensure global security and one that would find a peaceful resolution to conflict between nation states throughout the World. After fifty years of creation, the United Nations has had many achievements but has still failed to bring about the end of global problems, the way its founding members had hoped it would during its creation. During the nineties in particular, the global community has seen many occasions where the United Nations was powerless to stop the aggression of a nation against others or its own people, of failed to achieve goals regarding social development and human rights. The UN has also been blamed for working towards re...

Celebrate Veterans Day - History and Origin of Veterans Day

Celebrate Veterans Day - History and Origin of Veterans Day People sometimes confuse the meanings of Memorial Day and Veterans Day. Memorial Day, often called Decoration Day, is observed the last Monday in May as a remembrance of those who died in military service of the United States. Veterans Day is observed on November 11 in honor of military veterans. The History of Veterans Day In 1918, on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day in the eleventh month, the world rejoiced and celebrated. After four years of bitter war, an armistice was signed. The war to end all wars, World War I, was over. November 11, 1919 was set aside as Armistice Day in the United States. It was a day  to remember the sacrifices that men and women made during World War I in order to ensure a lasting peace. On Armistice Day, soldiers who survived the war marched in a parade through their home towns. Politicians and veteran officers gave speeches and held ceremonies of thanks for the peace they had won. Congress voted Armistice Day a federal holiday in 1938, twenty  years after the war ended. But Americans soon realized that the previous war would not be the last one. World War II began the following year and nations great and small again participated in a bloody struggle. For awhile after the Second World War, November 11 continued by be observed as Armistice Day. Then, in 1953, the townspeople in Emporia, Kansas began calling  the holiday Veterans Day in gratitude to both the World War I and World War II veterans in their town. Soon after, Congress passed a bill introduced by Kansas congressman, Edward Rees renaming the federal holiday Veterans Day. In 1971, President Nixon declared it a federal holiday to be observed on the second Monday in November. Americans still give thanks for peace on Veterans  Day. There are ceremonies and speeches. At 11:00 in the morning, most Americans observe a moment of silence, remembering those who fought for peace. After the United States involvement in the Vietnam War, the emphasis on holiday activities has shifted. There are fewer military parades and ceremonies. Veterans gather at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C.   They place gifts at the names of their friends and relatives who fell in the Vietnam War. Families who have lost sons and daughters in wars turn their thoughts more toward peace and the avoidance of future wars. Veterans of military service have organized support groups such as the American Legion and Veterans of Foreign Wars. On Veterans Day and Memorial Day, these groups raise funds for their charitable activities by selling paper poppies made by disabled veterans. This bright red wildflower became a symbol of World War I after a bloody battle in a field of poppies called Flanders Field in Belgium. Ways to Honor Veterans on Veterans Day It is important that we continue to share the significance of Veterans Day with younger generations. Try these ideas with your kids to help them understand why its important to honor our nations veterans. Teach your children history of the holiday. Passing on the history of Veterans Day and ensuring that our children understand and remember the sacrifices that servicemen and women have made for our country is a meaningful way to honor our veterans. Read books, watch documentaries, complete Veterans  Day Printables, and discuss Veterans Day with your children.   Visit veterans. Make cards and write thank-you notes to deliver to veterans at the VA hospital or nursing home. Visit with them. Thank them for their service and listen to their stories if they’d like to share them. Display the American flag.  The  American flag should be  displayed at half-mast for Veterans Day.  Take time on Veterans Day to teach your children this and  other American flag etiquette. Watch a parade.  If your city  still holds a Veterans Day parade, you can honor veterans by taking your kids to see it.  Being there clapping on the sidelines  demonstrates to the men and women in the parade that we still remember and recognize their sacrifices. Serve a veteran.  Take time on  Veterans Day to serve a vet. Rake leaves, mow his or her  lawn, or  deliver a  meal or dessert.    Veterans Day is much more than simply a day when the banks and post offices are closed. Take some time to honor the men and women who have served our country and teach the next generation to do the same. Historical facts courtesy of Embassy of the United States of America Updated by Kris Bales

Managing Stress among Employees in an Out-Patient Setting Research Paper

Managing Stress among Employees in an Out-Patient Setting - Research Paper Example The various steps involved in monitoring the operation of proposed organizational changes and different communication techniques are described in this essay. The quality of proposed changes alone does not necessarily contribute to stress management; instead, the systematic and thoughtful implementation of those strategies also play vital role in building a culturally competent workforce in a healthcare setting. Hence, the organization must take appropriate steps to monitor the effectiveness of the proposed changes among employees in out-patient setting. Initially, it is advisable for the organization to appoint a project manager in order to carry out the policy implementation and monitoring processes effectively (Buzzle.com). This system should enable the organization to collect weekly or monthly performance reports regarding the newly introduced programs so that it can make adequate modifications to the running program. The ultimate beneficiaries of a stress management program are t he employees. Therefore, it is necessary to collect feedback from them regarding the usefulness of the introduced changes. For this purpose, the firm can make use of company website, by which it can acquire the employee feedback with the application of online voting methods. Similarly, the company can conduct general meetings for out-patient department so that the employees would get the opportunity to express their opinions in detail. The general meeting procedures will not be practical for big concerns; in such situations, it is advisable to conduct sessions for department supervisors’ who can act as the employee representatives. It is recommended that the organization should compare its turnover reports before and after the introduction of the proposed changes. If it does not show any noticeable difference in figures, the management can understand that implementation of the proposed changes was ineffective. According to McConnell (2007, p. 53) a sequence of related process es such as planning, organizing, directing, monitoring, and controlling constitute an organization. The active functioning of each of these processes requires the application of different systems and human resources. In short; humans, systems and processes are interrelated components which determine the efficiency of the proposed organizational change. The various systems and human elements play a big role from the planning phase to monitoring phase of an organizational change. The first process, planning involves some complex procedures and takes long time to get completed since it is the foundation for the following processes. In this phase, the management formulates various strategies after considering a wide range of factors such as size of the organization, byelaws, governmental regulations, human power, and other organizational features. Once a change is proposed, it transfers to the organizing phase. In order to introduce the proposed change successfully, a good organizing te am is necessary. Under this phase, various duties and responsibilities are subdivided into respective officials for the effective implementation of the plan. It is noted that the responsibilities of the officials will not be disposed just after the implementation phase since they need continuous monitoring and control over implemented changes so as to produce fruitful outcomes. The systematization and effectiveness of the above mentioned activities have a tremendous impact on the proposed orga

Business Processes and SystemsSAP SD exercise Assignment

Business Processes and SystemsSAP SD exercise - Assignment Example The system was to create efficiency in marketing, finance, sales, service and support, IT, and human resource departments. The following report shows all the tasks I carried out. Implementing SAP system in GBI organisation had to involve the financial benefits and costs associated with the system. The system enables the provision of data integration, maintenance of the system and support and complex segments of reporting. The system stores all the relevant information that the organisation needs to know about the customer. Provision of material management model in the system resolves the audit points raised during the process of procurement. Auditing is made easy with the system because it stores all the payment data involved in any transaction. Thus, in case of any problem with the payment, the finance department would always refer to the data in the system. The system records data about the type of currency and method of payment the customers use to pay for goods. The sales and accounting departments have a natural time to create and maintain data using the system because it distributes data in order for different people in the organisation to see. The SAP system would help GBI team improve its speed, efficiency and flexibility because the system is useful for making decisions and accessing data faster. The system can give each new customer a unique number that it keeps a record. The data registered in the system could be used by all the staff if they need it because of flexibility in the system. The segmental reporting in the system would help the organisation to reduce errors (the system gives report for the loss and profit, and analysis of variance). SAP System can produce financial reports, and thus it cannot be compared with the other current systems that cannot produce such reports. The system can record the currency that customers use in the payment and the terms of payment