Ethics Awareness Inventory Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics Awareness Inventory Analysis - Essay Example Therefore, acting according to ones instincts is necessary and ethical (Lennick, D., & Kiel, F. 2005). I also believe inspiring individuals to improve their lives and grow is important compared to increasing business profits; through inhumane business practices like reshaping or traditional downsizing. Generally, I work with business ideas and policies which ensure equal opportunities and equal respect for all the employees in the family business. The knowledge I acquired during my study guide my thinking that business decisions are ethical only if they support the free choice of people, respect employee rights and supports creativity. In reference to obligation assessment, all businesses should comply with internationally proclaimed human rights. Besides, a sustainable business should not be complicit in the abuse of employee rights. In addition, the business is expected to maintain a good forward and backward linkages in the supply chain. These enhances the productivity of workers and result to profits (Lennick, D., & Kiel, F. 2005). However, my ethical viewpoint is not without any challenges especially when addressing ethical dilemmas in both personal settings and business. In most instances what I think is the appropriate approach is not applicable in the short-term choice. Hence, sustainability and conflict resolution at work place require a holistic approach to management of employee and employer relationships. Good business ethical practices embedded in business policies increase business

Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Carcinoma of the Larynx

Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Carcinoma of the Larynx Association between helicobacter pylori infection and carcinoma of the larynx or pharynx JIAN ZHOU, DUO ZHANG, YUE YANG, LIANG ZHOU LEI TAO   Abstract: Background: Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) plays a role in the development of gastric carcinoma. However, there is controversy as to whether H. pylori infection increases laryngeal or pharyngeal cancers. Methods: We managed a systematic review of researches related to H. pylori infection in laryngeal or pharyngeal carcinomas, distributed up to December 2014. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were assessed by random effects models or  according to heterogeneity I2. Results: Eleven studies were involved in the meta-analysis. Overall, H. pylori infection was significantly higher in the study group compared with the normal control group (OR = 2.87; 95% CI = 1.71-4.84, I2 = 67.1, P 2 = 58, P Conclusion: This study supported the proposition that Infection with H. pylori was related to laryngeal carcinoma, specifically in the hospital-based control group and diagnosed by PCR or ELISA. Nevertheless, no significant relationship was discovered between H. pylori infection and pharyngeal cancer. Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, laryngeal cancer, pharynx cancer Introduction: Laryngeal carcinoma is one of the common malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract. It accounts for 25% of all the carcinomas of the head and neck and 2-3% of the carcinomas of the entire body [1]. Tobacco smoking and alcohol consuming are major risk factors for laryngeal and pharyngeal cancer. The other risk factors for instance, microbes, viruses, occupational exposures, gastroesophageal reflux, and genetic inheritance have also been associated with the malignancy [2]. It has been verified that H. pylori has an important effect on the pathogenesis of duodenal and gastric ulcers, chronic gastritis, gastric lymphoma, and adenocarcinoma [3]. H. pylori immigration in the upper aerodigestive zone was proved by a previous study [4].There are some articles studying the association between H. pylori and laryngeal malignancy, the outcomes of which are still conflicting [5–11]. The purpose of this meta-analysis study is to determine whether H. pylori infection is related to cancers of the larynx and pharynx by summarizing proof from published studies. Material and methods Literature search We made a systematic literature search in Web of Knowledge, PubMed, and Embase for articles published up to December, 2014 by means of related keywords and combinations thereof: for instance, ‘laryngeal cancer,’ ‘larynx carcinoma,’ ‘pharyngeal cancer,’ ‘pharynx carcinoma,’ and ‘helicobacter pylori’. We followed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) strategies. Inclusion and exclusion standards Inclusion standards were the following: (1) diagnoses of laryngeal or pharyngeal cancer, and sources of cases and controls, (2) clear evaluation of the relationship of malignances of the pharynx or larynx with H. pylori infection, (3) satisfactory data for pharyngeal or laryngeal carcinoma cases as well as controls, (4) unequivocal information on the H. pylori detection method used, (5) most updated and latest version of published articles. Exclusion standards were the following: (1) case reports, review articles, and studies not in English, and involving patients with benign sickness, (2) uncontrolled studies, (3) cohort studies, (4) animal studies, (5) and manifold articles providing outcomes from the same study. Data extraction The subsequent data were collected from every qualified article: first author’s surname, publication year, city and country of source, amount and type of controls, means of identification of H. pylori, and cases related to smoking or drinking, correspondingly. All studies were studied independently by two authors, and based on consensus. Statistical analysis Meta-analysis was managed using the random fixed effect model to pool individual study evaluations into an overall summary estimate of the associations between H. pylori infection and laryngeal cancer (or pharyngeal cancer). The results were given by 95% confidence interval (CI) and odds ratio (OR). The significance of the OR was decided by the Z test and p 2 was used to evaluate the heterogeneity between studies. Subsequently, stratified analyses were carried out with regarding to the features of the study (type of carcinoma, sources of controls, methods of diagnosis of H. pylori, and sample sizes). We assessed publication bias with Begg’s funnel plot. The random effects model introduces additional variation across diverse studies. We used the Stata 12.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA) to complete wholly statistical analyses. Results Study characteristics As displayed in Figure1, we identified 177 studies by database searches, with 57 containing overlapping details. After subsequent initial screening of the abstracts, 22 entitled articles were selected. Among these 22 studies, two articles were removed owing to absence of controls, and eight were short of necessary statistics. Lastly, 11 articles were involved in this study. Designated characteristics of cases and controls are displayed in Table I. All articles were retrospective in scope. The carcinoma cases were primarily confirmed histologically. Seven researches addressed laryngeal carcinoma alone, and four researches addressed laryngeal cancer or pharyngeal cancer. Hospital-based controls were involved in seven researches, population-based controls were used in two researches and clinic-based controls were included in two researches. The technique of identification of H. pylori varies with authors. Meta-analysis Generally, comparison of H. pylori infection for laryngeal cancer against a local control was statistically significant and favoured laryngeal cancer (OR = 2.87; 95% CI = 1.71-4.84, I2 = 67.1, random effects mode). Table II showed the separate risk assessments of researches assessed in meta-analysis. Selected researches supplied full data on H. pylori infection, by carcinomas, sources of controls, H. pylori diagnosis, and sample magnitude. The results of analyses stratified with these aspects were presented in Table II. Once stratifying for carcinomas, the pooled ORs for laryngeal cancer were 3.28 (95% CI =1.91-5.63; I2 = 58, random effects model) and 1.35 (95% CI = 0.86-2.12; I2 = 0, random effects model) for pharyngeal carcinoma. In the subcategory analysis founded on the basis of controls, significant relations were detected in the hospital-based researches (OR = 3.31; 95% CI =1.49-7.35; I2 =68.2, random effects model) and in the clinic-based researches (OR =2.60; 95% CI = 1.00-6. 76; I2 = 62.1, random effects model), but not in the population-based researches (OR = 2.05; 95% CI = 0.70-5.91, random effects models). Significant relations were also detected in the different ways of identifying of H. pylori infection and sample magnitude. In both overall and subcategory analyses, I2 values were 50% or greater and related p values were Sensitivity analysis and publication bias No publication bias was evident (Figure 2) in meta-analyses of the association between H. pylori and risk of laryngeal or pharyngeal carcinoma, this was established on the basis of Begg’s rank correlation test and Egger’s regression test (Begg’s test, p = 0.876; Egger’s test, p = 0.615). We researched the influence of a single study on the whole meta-analysis assessment. Figure 3 shows the outcomes of this study, in which the meta-analysis estimates were computed omitting one study at a time. The results show that the corresponding pooled ORs were not essentially changed, demonstrating that our results were statistically forceful. Discussion The impact of H. pylori in the pathogenesis of chronic illnesses and cancer of the digestive regions is well acknowledged [20, 21]. H. pylori infection has a prevalence of up to 90% in underdeveloped countries and around 30% in developed countries [22]. The potential for damaging epithelial and mucosal obstacles and inflammation could lead to chronic harm and epithelial cell proliferation resulting in larynx pathology [23, 24]. The possible relationship between H. pylori infection and carcinomas of the larynx or pharynx has been an source of argument for decades. Numerous studies have been performed to demonstrate this cause-and-effect association. This study combined formerly published data related to the association between H. pylori infection and cancers of the larynx(or pharynx) into a terse assessment of influence. The risk of developing laryngeal cancer is 2.87 times higher for the people infected with H. pylori, than for the control group (95% CI:1.71-4.84, P A previous (2008) meta-analysis of five studies showed that the risk of developing laryngeal carcinoma is two times higher for the people infected with H. pylori, than for those in the control group [23], providing an indication that H. pylori infection may be related to an increased risk of laryngeal(or pharynx) carcinoma. Our research studied and analysed the outcomes of 11 researches. Once the study was stratified by category of carcinoma, there is a higher rate of laryngeal cancer among patients infected with H. pylori than among the general population (OR =3.28, 95% CI = 1.91-5.63). No significant relationship was discovered in pharyngeal cancer, signifying that patients are perhaps more susceptible to laryngeal than pharyngeal neoplasm, or that the small number of pharyngeal cancer patients in this study resulted in such a result. Hospital-based researches (OR = 3.31, 95% CI = 1.49-7.35) reported a higher frequency of H. pylori infection than clinic-based researches (OR =2.60, 95% CI =1.00-6.76). No significant relationship was discovered in population-based controls (OR = 2.05, 95% CI =0.70-5.91, Table II). In the subcategory investigation by sample magnitude, the deviation of the pooled OR in large sample sizes (number of controls and cases≠¥50) was smaller compared to small-sized sets, signifying that a large sample size with adequate power was an essen tial to the strategy of meta-analysis. After the study was stratified by H. pylori diagnosis, we found that the best method for detection of H. pylori in the larynx (or pharynx) tissue is PCR with high specificity and sensitivity (OR=7.03, 95% CI = 4.19-11.79). This finding is similar to the research of Gong [16]. A well-controlled large-scale prospective study is important to completely realize the fundamental relationship between carcinomas of the larynx (or pharynx) and H. pylori infection. Finally, a number of important limitations need to be considered. Firstly, researches involved in this meta-analysis were published in English only, signifying that a possible language bias existed. Secondly, evident heterogeneity was detected in involved researches. Thirdly, the influence of smoking and alcohol consumption on H. pylori and laryngeal carcinoma was not removed from our study. Nevertheless, it is uncertain whether the H. pylori infection was causal or related to the tobacco and alcohol consumption among most malignancy patients. Fourthly, wholly studies were case-control researches, which are responsive to recall and information and selection bias, and this may influence the outcomes of the present research. Conclusion This meta-analysis favours the suggestion that H. pylori infection is related to laryngeal carcinoma, specifically in hospital-based control researches and when diagnosed by PCR and ELISA. Nevertheless, no significant relationship was found between H. pylori infection and pharyngeal cancer. Furthermore, the small number of studies involved in this study led to a large CI in this assessment. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 30801283), the Technology Project of Shanghai (grant nos 09QA1401000, 10QA1405900 and 14411961900), Shanghai’s Health System of Talents Training Plan (grant nos XYQ2011055 and XYQ2011015). Declaration of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper. References [1] Koufman J A, Burke A J. The etiology and pathogenesis of laryngeal carcinoma[J]. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America, 1997, 30(1): 1-19. [2] Tutar H, Erdamar H, Kà ¶ybaÃ…Å ¸ioÄÅ ¸lu A, et al. Can bile acids be an etiological factor for laryngeal carcinoma?[J]. ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties, 2010, 73(3): 156-161. [3] Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, OMorain C A, et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection—the Maastricht IV/Florence consensus report[J]. Gut, 2012, 61(5): 646-664. [4] Yokoyama A, Yokoyama T, Omori T, et al. Helicobacter pylori, chronic atrophic gastritis, inactive aldehyde dehydrogenaseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 2, macrocytosis and multiple upper aerodigestive tract cancers and the risk for gastric cancer in alcoholic Japanese men[J]. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 2007, 22(2): 210-217. [5] Akbayir N, BaÃ…Å ¸ak T, Seven H, et al. Investigation of Helicobacter pylori colonization in laryngeal neoplasia[J]. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head Neck, 2005, 262(3): 170-172. [6] Aygenc E, Selcuk A, Celikkanat S, et al. The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the cause of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx[J]. OtolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery, 2001, 125(5): 520-521. [7] Borkowski G, Sudhoff H, Koslowski F, et al. A possible role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the etiology of chronic laryngitis[J]. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology, 1997, 254(9-10): 481-482. [8] Grandis J R, Perezà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Perez G I, Yu V L, et al. Lack of serologic evidence for Helicobacter pylori infection in head and neck cancer[J]. Head neck, 1997, 19(3): 216-218. [9] Aydind A K L S A, Kalcioglua M T, Aydinb O O N E. Histopathologic examination for Helicobacter pylori as a possible etiopathogenic factor in laryngeal carcinoma[J]. Chemotherapy, 2006, 52: 80-82. [10] Rubin J S, Benjamin E, Prior A, et al. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in malignant and premalignant conditions of the head and neck[J]. The Journal of Laryngology Otology, 2003, 117(02): 118-121. [11] Titiz A, Ozcakir O, Ceyhan S, et al. The presence of Helicobacter pylori in the larynx pathologies[J]. Auris Nasus Larynx, 2008, 35(4): 534-538. [12]Guilemany J M, Langdon C, Ballesteros F, et al. Prognostic significance and association of Helicobacter pylori infection in pharyngolaryngeal cancer[J]. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 2014, 271(9): 2539-2543. [13]Fellmann J, Weisert J U, Soltermann A, et al. Helicobacter pylori detected in pharyngeal and laryngeal pathologies in patients with proven gastric colonization[J]. Head neck, 2014, 36(11): 1562-1566. [14]Genà § R, ÇaÄÅ ¸lÄ ± S, Yà ¼ce Ä °, et al. The Role of H. pylori in the Development of Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma[J]. Disease markers, 2013, 35(5): 447-449. [15] Siupsinskiene N, Jurgutaviciute V, Katutiene I, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in laryngeal diseases[J]. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 2013, 270(8): 2283-2288. [16] Gong H, Shi Y, Zhou L, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection of the larynx may be an emerging risk factor for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Clinical and Translational Oncology, 2012, 14(12): 905-910. [17] Shi Y, Gong H, Zhou L, et al. Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in a Chinese male population[J]. ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties, 2010, 73(6): 295-300. [18] Pirzadeh A, Doustmohammadian N, Khoshbaten M, et al. Is there any association between Helicobacter Pylori infection and laryngeal carcinoma[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2011, 12(4): 897-900. [19] Nurgalieva Z Z, Graham D Y, Dahlstrom K R, et al. A pilot study of Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of laryngopharyngeal cancer[J]. Head neck, 2005, 27(1): 22-27. [20] Selbach M, Moese S, Backert S, et al. The Helicobacter pylori CagA protein induces tyrosine dephosphorylation of ezrin[J]. Proteomics, 2004, 4(10): 2961-2968. [21] Hou P, Tu Z X, Xu G M, et al. Helicobacter pylori vacA genotypes and cagA status and their relationship to associated diseases[J]. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2000, 6(4): 605-607. [22] Harrisons principles of internal medicine [M]. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2008. [23] Zhuo X L, Wang Y, Zhuo W L, et al. Possible association of Helicobacter pylori infection with laryngeal cancer risk: an evidence-based meta-analysis[J]. Archives of medical research, 2008, 39(6): 625-628. [24] Ozyurt M, Gungor A, Ergunay K, et al. Real-time PCR detection of Helicobacter pylori and virulence-associated cagA in nasal polyps and laryngeal disorders[J]. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2009, 141(1): 131-135.

Margin Call Directed by J.C. Chandor Essays -- film analysis

Margin Call (2011) Margin Call is a 2011 film that seeks to give viewers a deeper perspective of the financial crisis that hit the United States in 2008. The film was written and directed by J.C. Chandor. It s depiction of the happenings on Wall Street has been described as the closest to the actual happenings during the financial crisis. In this film, the main characters are faced with a moral challenge and they act according to their personal world views. Personal financial needs are put before the clients needs. The questionable manner in which the characters act put the employees on Wall Street on a cross road. It is a difficult balancing act between protecting oneself and protecting others. The decisions made by characters in this film create an opportunity for people to discuss the balancing act between self preservation and killing the dreams of the masses. From the beginning, the film is filled with controversial decisions. First, the firm that is depicted in this film decides to lay off most of the employees in the firm leaving only 20% of the workers. However, the firm’s managers do not lay off the workers personally but hire another firm to do this. Without prior warning, the mass layoff takes place in a rather insensitive manner with employees expected to leave immediately. First, the decision by the company to lay off the people without warning is a questionable decision. Though they are offered a severance package, the employees are traumatized by the lay off. Having reported to work just like a normal day, none of the employees expect that they are going to lose their jobs on this particular day. Therefore, it is a surprise when the hired human resource team comes in and explains to the employees that they no long... ...ce of money at whatever costs. At the end of the day, the managers watch as more people are laid off as the crisis continues. In conclusion, I disagree with the decisions made by the main characters in this film. Their predicament is tough to say the least, but it does not warrant the decisions they make. They choose to follow a route with the full knowledge of the problems it will cause to other people. The decisions made are motivated purely by money and the need to self preserve and protect. The drive behind the sale of worthless assets is for the company to remain afloat even when clients suffer losses. It is dangerous to make decisions driven by money and selfishness. It leads to guilt as it causes endless pain to other people. Therefore, these characters could have chosen the alternative option of protecting their clients as opposed to protecting themselves.

Term Paper, Rizal

TO THE YOUNG WOMEN OF MALOLOS AN ESSAY BY DR. JOSE P. RIZAL (TERM PAPER) PATRICK JAMES D. CLEMENTE MC21 A woman, what is a woman? Woman plays a very important role in our society. They are the light of the family, the one who is responsible for the acts of their children, the first teacher of each and every child. But what do you think will happen to a country if almost every woman is acting like a slave? Being manipulated? Believes in fake sancity and no power by themselves?If that is the case, then what would they be? They would be a big failure. Once in the history of the Phillipines, there is a man who opened the eyes of each and every women.. it was doctor Rizal. He did it by the way of sending a message to our country women†¦.. Jose Rizal’s legacy to Filipino women is embodied in his famous essay entitled, â€Å"To the Young Women of Malolos,† where he addresses all kinds of women – mothers, wives, the unmarried, etc. and expresses everything that he w ishes them to keep in mind. To the Young Women of Malolos† was written by Rizal when he was in London, in response to the request of Marcelo H. del Pilar. The essay was originally written in Tagalog then later on translated to English. The essay contains inspirational messages for the women of our country. It also points out, almost everything about the issue of mistreating the women in our country. Rizal wrote the essay to open up the eyes of our country women. That essay has been a big breakthrough for the women in the Phillipines.It served as their stepping stones in obtaining their goals. It helped them see what they are missing, thir flaws and almost everything. Like for example is why do they believe on everything the friars have told them. Rizal wrote the essay very smooth and enough for the women of our country to see what is really happening and what should be done. On the essay To the Young Country Women of Malolos, Rizal dug out a lot of issues about our country, an d what is happening to the women in out country.A lot of issues were discussed and some of it was– The rejection of the spiritual authority of the friars – not all of the priests in the country that time embodied the true spirit of Christ and His Church. Most of them were corrupted by worldly desires and used worldly methods to effect change and force discipline among the people, especially to the mothers. A lot of mothers had been completely manipulated by the friars, if the mothers were manipulated it also means that their children will also be affected. Another thing that Rizal pointed out

Indian television in the era of globalization Essay

Since its birth in 1959, it seems that Indian television has developed in a way that is similar to most of the world’s broadcasting sectors. Conquered by technological progress, particularly by the major advance that the introduction of satellite transmissions represents, the Indian television sector broke with its old practices to enter the era of globalization to which the opening to foreign players, the competition regime and the respect of commercial requirements are essential components. The successive evolutions that Indian television underwent seem to confirm Marshall McLuhan’s theory of a â€Å"global village†, which describes how the world has been contracted into a homogenized space by the media revolution. However, this simplistic vision denies the specificities of India as a culture and as a country, which became the specificities of Indian television. With 22 official languages, an enormous and heterogeneous population, one of the world’s largest territories and a tendency to continuously swing between tradition and modernity, India admittedly adapted its television sector to the globalized context but also imposed its restrictions and particularities. How did Indian television become integrated to the globalized media system while protecting its identity and imposing its requirements? With the successive evolutions – the technological progresses, the shift from an educational project to a competitive, consumer-oriented and profit-making market and the exportation of foreign programs and production methods – it underwent in the early 20th century, Indian television indeed got integrated into the globalized and transnational media system. As such it became a privileged target of know-how transfers coming from the West and a market of economic interest for foreign players. Heterogeneity constitutes India’s major specificity and its television sector could not have got established regardless to it. Even if it decided to enter the process of globalization, Indian television endeavored to defend and promote the country’s linguistic, territorial, social and cultural diversity. The Indian broadcasting space definitely does not get homogenized. On the contrary, it constantly reports the main oppositions that ceaselessly stimulate and drive the Indian population – tradition and modernity, local and global, urban and rural, well-off and impoverished. The example of the Indian television sector demonstrates that India is not passively affected by globalization but constitutes one of its major actors: it manages to make the country’s voice heard and to impose its requirements and its power of cultural appropriation at international level. BIBLIOGRAPHY DEPREZ C., La tà ©là ©vision indienne : un modà ¨le d’appropriation culturelle, De Boeck, 2006. DESAI M. K.,  « Indian television in the era of globalisation : unity, diversity or disparity ?  », in Quaderns del CAC, 202, no. 14 3-12. DURAND-DASTES F.,  « L’Inde dans la mondialisation  » in LEFORT I. and MORINIAUX V. (dir.), La mondialisation, Editions du temps, 2006, 235-256. JULURI V.,  « Music television and the invention of youth culture in India  », in Sage Journals, 2002, vol. 3 no. 4 367-386. KUMAR S., Gandhi meets primetime : globalization and nationalism in Indian television, University of Illinois Press, 2005. RANGANATHAN M., RODRIGUES U. M., Indian media in a globalised world, Sage publications, 2010. SINCLAIR J., HARRISON M.,  « Globalization, nation and television in Asia : the cases of India and China  », in Sage Journals, 2004, vol. 5 no. 1 41-54.

Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts

Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Free Online Research Papers Organizational behavior is a complex relationship between individuals, groups, the organizational systems and structures. It is a study of how such relationships and systems impacts on the behavior of individuals within an organization. Managers in the organization try to understand the organizational behavior so as to understand how such could impact on the organizational performance. Organizational behavior is therefore narrow in nature since it attempts to use the knowledge of the individuals’ behavior within the organization with an objective of improving the organizational performance and effectiveness (Gareth Morgan, 1999). According to Gareth Morgan (1999), organizational behavior is the shared values and beliefs among individuals in an organization that affects on the way they interact, performs various organizational task and reacts to the organizational environment. It is the organizational behavior that offers the distinctive characteristic between organizations. According to Gareth Morgan (1999) organizational behavior is the study of the relationships and interactions between individuals groups and various systems in an organization and the utilization of such knowledge to improve the organizational performance for instance through employees’ satisfaction and motivation. Organizational Culture Organizational culture is fundamentally the character of the organization. It is the assumptions, values, customs, norms and the tangible symbolic characteristics of an organization and which greatly determines the behavior and actions of the organizational members. Organizational culture varies from one organization to another. Although it may not be documented, the organizational culture is characteristically displayed in all aspects of the organization (Denison, 2004). For instance; it is possible to know the culture of an organization by merely looking at the company logo. It dictates the way individuals goes about their day to day activities in the organizations i.e. the customs and patterns of operations within an organization are entrenched in the organization culture. The culture of one firm is distinct from that of another. For instance, the culture of a large profit making establishment is different to that of a hospital. Similarly, the culture of a hotel is distinct to that of a university. Just like one can identify the personality of an individual by looking at the physical and behavioral characteristics, the organizational culture can be recognized by looking at the arrangements of the physical amenities, the points of organizational pride, the dressing styles, organization of the meetings, time keeping of members, extra organizational events among others Diversity Organization diversity is the term used to refer to the wide range of characteristic and aspects of an organization and that is entrenched in the differences in behavior among the various individuals that constitutes its membership. The organization is a complex system of interaction among members with varying personality, behavior and background as well as physical traits. Diversity in the organization is inevitable as it is impossible to attain uniformity in all aspects of the organization (Gareth Morgan, 1999). Organizational behavior is shaped by the ability of the managers to manage the organizational diversity and direct all the differences to conform to the organizational behavior and culture. Organizational diversity is embedded in the racial, gender, and sexual differences among individuals at workplace. Since the diversity is natural and inevitable, the management is involved in uniting this diversity and directs all its components towards the achievement of a common organizational purpose. Organizational behavior and culture is therefore as a result of this unification. Communication Communication is a complex process via which individuals share their ideas, values and opinions within well established organizational systems. It involves an establishment of a two way system through which information is shared between two parties mainly the sender (encoder) and the recipient (decoder). Just like in any other communication set-up, communication in the organization is carried out using various modes. Business communication therefore involves managers coming up with messages, transmitting them to the employees and other stakeholders as well as the society immediate to the organization and also obtaining feedback from the recipients. Communication cannot be complete until the communicator is able to efficiently get feedback from the recipient. On the same note, effective communication is the ability of the process to get the intended message as accurately as possible to the audience or recipients and channeling back feedback to the sender of the message. Organizational Effectiveness and Efficiency Organizational Efficiency this refers to the ease through which an organization or its management is able to mobilize its resources to meet the established mission, objectives and goals. Effectiveness is a depiction of how well the organization is able to optimally allocate its resources, strategies and policy to accomplish the organizational objectives (Gareth, 1999). For instance, the organization can be said to be efficient if it achieves cost minimization and maximum returns (revenues). Organizational Effectiveness this is the ability of the available organizational resources and strategies to achieve the company’s mission; vision specific objectives and company’s goals (Gareth, 1999). If such cannot meet such objectives then they can be said to be ineffective. For instance effective marketing strategies are those which are able to maximize the company’s market share. Organization Learning Organizational learning is a process by which knowledge (either formal or informal) is passed over from one individual to another within an organizational setup. It is a gradual process that involves close and continuous social; interactions among organizations. Learning is an adaptive process and takes time for individuals to synthesize what they learn as explained in the appellant conditioning theory or the activity theory. It is important for the organization as well as individuals to learn so as to efficiently and effectively adapt to the changes of the business environment and adopt suitable organizational behavior. The organizational culture is also a learnt phenomenon (Argyris Schon, 2008). References Argyris, C. D. Schon (2008), Organizational Learning: A theory of action perspective, Addison-Wesley, retrieved from amazon.com/organizational-learning-adoson wisely-organizational-development.html on May 27, 2009 Denison, D. (2004). Corporate culture and organization effectiveness New York: Wileycims.ncsu.edu/downloads/Research/71_WDWK_culture.pdf– retrieved on May 27, 2009 Gareth Morgan, (1999), Organizational Theory and Behavior Inc Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 17 Pg 12-17 Research Papers on Organizational Behavior Terminology and ConceptsThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andResearch Process Part OneStandardized TestingAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement

Albatross and Rimm of the Ancient Mariner

Albatross and Rimm of the Ancient Mariner Free Online Research Papers One act changes a mans life forever. What is it about an albatross that is so powerful it could affect the lives of people? It’s only a bird, a large bird, an aquatic bird with coloring of white and dark brown or black. In the poem â€Å"Rimm of the Ancient Mariner†, life changes for over 200 men with the single act of a man with his bow. Only if you believe there is a link between nature and the spiritual world would you be affected. But what is it about the life of a bird, an albatross that could change lives. Sailors for centuries have considered the albatross an omen of good luck or in some cases a curse. In the poem â€Å"Rimm of the Ancient Mariner† the crew learns that life can change quickly both for the good or bad. When their ship is frozen in the ice and an albatross appears, the ship is freed and released and once again the sails are filled with the wind. The albatross has acted as a giver of life, something that goes deeper than just the flesh. This new freedom is almost like salvation, not only have they experienced the physical freedom but also their spirits have been released from certain doom. As the sailors feed and play with the bird there seems to be more than just a physical connection. A kindred spirit has formed, a trust in each other. Then for some unknown reason one of the sailors decides to kill the albatross. With this action comes retribution from an unforeseen source. With the killing of the bird the spiritual world has been awakened. Both good and bad will exert their influence upon the ship. The curse of death has been passed upon them and upon that single sailor he will suffer the worst death of all. He would live but wish that he could die. They witness death coming in the form of a skeletal ship with a crew of two, Death and Life-in-Death. The souls are required of each man that condoned the killing, except the one who did the actual act. â€Å"Life-in-death† will require that sailor’s soul to be tormented inside him until the retribution has been paid, if ever. With the price paid the heavenly spirits guide the ship back to its home port, where the tormented sailor will start his journey of life-in-death. Because we live in the natural world and cannot see the spiritual one does not mean that it does not exist. I have had feelings at one time or another that certain things were not right to do, and it was more than conscience that was talking to me. I am also sure that many have experienced or heard about someone dying and talking about the angels that they see. The sailors on this ship saw death and the price that each had to pay. All this because they refused to honor the natural world and all it had to offer. So an albatross may have more power than we think. Just as much power in death as in life. Research Papers on Albatross and Rimm of the Ancient MarinerHenderson the Rain KingDeontological Teleological TheoriesGenetic EngineeringThe Fifth HorsemanExempt vs Non-Exempt EmployeesThe Story of Beatrix PotterDistance Learning Survival GuideThe Rise and Fall of Napoleon BonaparteAmerican Central Banking and OilThe Equal Rights Amendment